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Recent work shows that the expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in distinguishing non-isomorphic graphs is exactly the same as that of the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph test. In particular, they show that the WL test can be…

Random walk neural networks (RWNNs) have emerged as a promising approach for graph representation learning, leveraging recent advances in sequence models to process random walks. However, under realistic sampling constraints, RWNNs often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Michael Ito , Danai Koutra , Jenna Wiens

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently become the standard approach for learning with graph-structured data. Prior work has shed light into their potential, but also their limitations. Unfortunately, it was shown that standard GNNs are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Gaspard Michel , Giannis Nikolentzos , Johannes Lutzeyer , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Despite the remarkable success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), the common belief is that their representation power is limited and that they are at most as expressive as the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) algorithm. In this paper, we argue the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Charilaos I. Kanatsoulis , Alejandro Ribeiro

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable results in a variety of applications, recent studies exposed important shortcomings in their ability to capture the structure of the underlying graph. It has been shown that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Giorgos Bouritsas , Fabrizio Frasca , Stefanos Zafeiriou , Michael M. Bronstein

Recently, the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test was used to measure the expressiveness of graph neural networks (GNNs), showing that the neighborhood aggregation GNNs were at most as powerful as 1-WL test in distinguishing graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Mingqi Yang , Yanming Shen , Heng Qi , Baocai Yin

We revisit a simple model class for machine learning on graphs, where a random walk on a graph produces a machine-readable record, and this record is processed by a deep neural network to directly make vertex-level or graph-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jinwoo Kim , Olga Zaghen , Ayhan Suleymanzade , Youngmin Ryou , Seunghoon Hong

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are effective models for representation learning on relational data. However, standard GNNs are limited in their expressive power, as they cannot distinguish graphs beyond the capability of the Weisfeiler-Leman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Ralph Abboud , İsmail İlkan Ceylan , Martin Grohe , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), despite achieving remarkable performance across different tasks, are theoretically bounded by the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman test, resulting in limitations in terms of graph expressivity. Even though prior works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Quang Truong , Peter Chin

We propose a Graph Neural Network with greater expressive power than commonly used GNNs - not constrained to only differentiate between graphs that Weisfeiler-Lehman test recognizes to be non-isomorphic. We use a graph attention network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Stanisław Purgał

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a powerful architecture for tackling graph learning tasks, yet have been shown to be oblivious to eminent substructures such as cycles. We present TOGL, a novel layer that incorporates global topological…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Max Horn , Edward De Brouwer , Michael Moor , Yves Moreau , Bastian Rieck , Karsten Borgwardt

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have gained increasing popularity and have shown very promising results for data that are represented by graphs. The majority of GNN architectures are designed based on developing new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-05 Anahita Iravanizad , Edgar Ivan Sanchez Medina , Martin Stoll

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are an effective framework for representation learning of graphs. GNNs follow a neighborhood aggregation scheme, where the representation vector of a node is computed by recursively aggregating and transforming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Keyulu Xu , Weihua Hu , Jure Leskovec , Stefanie Jegelka

In recent years, Graph Neural Network (GNN) has bloomly progressed for its power in processing graph-based data. Most GNNs follow a message passing scheme, and their expressive power is mathematically limited by the discriminative ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Alan J. X. Guo , Qing-Hu Hou , Ou Wu

Graph-Convolution-based methods have been successfully applied to representation learning on homophily graphs where nodes with the same label or similar attributes tend to connect with one another. Due to the homophily assumption of Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Di Jin , Rui Wang , Meng Ge , Dongxiao He , Xiang Li , Wei Lin , Weixiong Zhang

We propose CRaWl, a novel neural network architecture for graph learning. Like graph neural networks, CRaWl layers update node features on a graph and thus can freely be combined or interleaved with GNN layers. Yet CRaWl operates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Jan Tönshoff , Martin Ritzert , Hinrikus Wolf , Martin Grohe

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful machine learning models for various graph learning tasks. Recently, the limitations of the expressive power of various GNN models have been revealed. For example, GNNs cannot distinguish some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Ryoma Sato , Makoto Yamada , Hisashi Kashima

Linearized Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted great attention in recent years for graph representation learning. Compared with nonlinear Graph Neural Network (GNN) models, linearized GNNs are much more time-efficient and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Yulin Zhu , Xing Ai , Qimai Li , Xiao-Ming Wu , Kai Zhou

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become the standard approach for learning and reasoning over relational data, leveraging the message-passing mechanism that iteratively propagates node embeddings through graph structures. While GNNs have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Wei Wang , Jiahao Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as prominent models for representation learning on graph structured data. GNNs follow an approach of message passing analogous to 1-dimensional Weisfeiler Lehman (1-WL) test for graph isomorphism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Mohammed Haroon Dupty , Wee Sun Lee
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