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Training large language models (LLMs) is a computationally intensive task, which is typically conducted in data centers with homogeneous high-performance GPUs. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach by deploying training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ran Yan , Youhe Jiang , Xiaonan Nie , Fangcheng Fu , Bin Cui , Binhang Yuan

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices faces critical bottlenecks in memory bandwidth and power consumption. While ternary quantization (e.g., BitNet b1.58) significantly reduces model size, its direct…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zi-Wei Lin , Tian-Sheuan Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing tasks but pose significant computational and memory challenges for edge deployment due to their intensive resource demands. This work addresses the efficiency of LLM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zhican Wang , Hongxiang Fan , Haroon Waris , Gang Wang , Zhenyu Li , Jianfei Jiang , Yanan Sun , Guanghui He

Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) architectures achieve superior model performance with reduced computation costs, but at the cost of high memory capacity and bandwidth requirements. Near-Memory Processing (NMP)…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Haochen Huang , Shuzhang Zhong , Zhe Zhang , Shuangchen Li , Dimin Niu , Hongzhong Zheng , Runsheng Wang , Meng Li

Vision Large Language Models (VLMs) combine visual understanding with natural language processing, enabling tasks like image captioning, visual question answering, and video analysis. While VLMs show impressive capabilities across domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Ahmed Sharshar , Latif U. Khan , Waseem Ullah , Mohsen Guizani

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on converged Cloud and High-Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure. However, as LLMs handle confidential inputs and are fine-tuned on costly, proprietary datasets, their heightened…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Marcin Chrapek , Marcin Copik , Etienne Mettaz , Torsten Hoefler

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently on edge devices is often constrained by limited memory capacity and high power consumption. Low-bit quantization methods, particularly ternary quantization, have demonstrated significant…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Chenyang Yin , Zhenyu Bai , Pranav Venkatram , Shivam Aggarwal , Zhaoying Li , Tulika Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used across various domains, processing millions of daily requests. This surge in demand poses significant challenges in optimizing throughput and latency while keeping costs manageable. The Key-Value…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Jiale Xu , Rui Zhang , Cong Guo , Weiming Hu , Zihan Liu , Feiyang Wu , Yu Feng , Shixuan Sun , Changxu Shao , Yuhong Guo , Junping Zhao , Ke Zhang , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng

Large Language Models (LLMs) demand substantial computational resources, resulting in high energy consumption on GPUs. To address this challenge, we focus on Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) as an effective alternative that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Takuto Ando , Yu Eto , Ayumu Takeuchi , Yasuhiko Nakashima

Efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios remains a critical challenge, primarily due to hardware heterogeneity, inference framework limitations, and workload complexities.Efficiently deploying large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yanyu Chen , Ganhong Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across various application domains, but their enormous sizes and computational demands pose significant challenges for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices. To…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Kai Zhang , Hengtao He , Shenghui Song , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable breakthroughs, revolutionizing the natural language processing domain and beyond. Due to immense parameter sizes, fine-tuning these models with private data for diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zheng Lin , Yuxin Zhang , Zhe Chen , Zihan Fang , Xianhao Chen , Praneeth Vepakomma , Wei Ni , Jun Luo , Yue Gao

Transformer based Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used in many fields, and the efficiency of LLM inference becomes hot topic in real applications. However, LLMs are usually complicatedly designed in model structure with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Hui Wu , Yi Gan , Feng Yuan , Jing Ma , Wei Zhu , Yutao Xu , Hong Zhu , Yuhua Zhu , Xiaoli Liu , Jinghui Gu , Peng Zhao

Aggressively quantized large language models (LLMs), such as BitNet-style 1.58-bit Transformers with ternary weights, make it feasible to deploy generative AI on low-power edge FPGAs. However, as prompts grow to tens of thousands of tokens,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yifan Zhang , Zhiheng Chen , Ye Qiao , Sitao Huang

Machine learning models deployed on edge devices have enabled numerous exciting new applications, such as humanoid robots, AR glasses, and autonomous vehicles. However, the computing resources available on these edge devices are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Jinjie Liu , Hang Qiu

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet their significant computational demands hinder practical deployment. While efforts to improve LVLM efficiency are growing, existing methods lack comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zekun Wang , Minghua Ma , Zexin Wang , Rongchuan Mu , Liping Shan , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

The edge computing paradigm has emerged to handle cloud computing issues such as scalability, security and low response time among others. This new computing trend heavily relies on ubiquitous embedded systems on the edge. Performance and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Mohammad Hosseinabady , Mohd Amiruddin Bin Zainol , Jose Nunez-Yanez

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are vital for sequential data processing. Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoders (LSTM-AEs) are particularly effective for unsupervised anomaly detection in time-series data. However, inherent sequential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aimilios Leftheriotis , Dimosthenis Masouros , Dimitrios Soudris , George Theodoridis

Large Language Models (LLMs) herald a transformative era in artificial intelligence (AI). However, the expansive scale of data and parameters of LLMs requires high-demand computational and memory resources, restricting their accessibility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Shengwen Ding , Chenhui Hu