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We explore task-free continual learning (CL), in which a model is trained to avoid catastrophic forgetting in the absence of explicit task boundaries or identities. Among many efforts on task-free CL, a notable family of approaches are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Xisen Jin , Arka Sadhu , Junyi Du , Xiang Ren

Human beings are able to master a variety of knowledge and skills with ongoing learning. By contrast, dramatic performance degradation is observed when new tasks are added to an existing neural network model. This phenomenon, termed as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Xin Yao , Tianchi Huang , Chenglei Wu , Rui-Xiao Zhang , Lifeng Sun

Catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge in continual learning for large language models (LLMs), where models struggle to retain performance on historical tasks when fine-tuning on new sequential data without access to past…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhixin Zhang , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

Nowadays, real-world data, including graph-structure data, often arrives in a streaming manner, which means that learning systems need to continuously acquire new knowledge without forgetting previously learned information. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ziyang Cheng , Zhixun Li , Yuhan Li , Yixin Song , Kangyi Zhao , Dawei Cheng , Jia Li , Hong Cheng , Jeffrey Xu Yu

In continual learning (CL), model growth enhances adaptability to new data. However, when model growth is applied improperly, especially in task-agnostic CL, where the entire grown model is used for inference, it can lead to severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yuqing Zhao , Jiannong Cao , Divya Saxena , Xiaoyun Liu , Changlin Song , Bo Yuan , Julie McCann

Rehearsal-based methods have shown superior performance in addressing catastrophic forgetting in continual learning (CL) by storing and training on a subset of past data alongside new data in current task. While such a concurrent rehearsal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Junze Deng , Qinhang Wu , Peizhong Ju , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Ness Shroff

Catastrophic forgetting is a significant challenge in continual learning, in which a model loses prior knowledge when it is fine-tuned on new tasks. This problem is particularly critical for large language models (LLMs) undergoing continual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ege Süalp , Mina Rezaei

Class-Incremental Learning aims to update a deep classifier to learn new categories while maintaining or improving its accuracy on previously observed classes. Common methods to prevent forgetting previously learned classes include…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Elif Ceren Gok Yildirim , Murat Onur Yildirim , Mert Kilickaya , Joaquin Vanschoren

Continual/lifelong learning from a non-stationary input data stream is a cornerstone of intelligence. Despite their phenomenal performance in a wide variety of applications, deep neural networks are prone to forgetting their previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Ali Abbasi , Parsa Nooralinejad , Vladimir Braverman , Hamed Pirsiavash , Soheil Kolouri

Online Continual Learning (CL) solves the problem of learning the ever-emerging new classification tasks from a continuous data stream. Unlike its offline counterpart, in online CL, the training data can only be seen once. Most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Maorong Wang , Nicolas Michel , Ling Xiao , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Continual learning (CL) aims to constantly learn new knowledge over time while avoiding catastrophic forgetting on old tasks. We focus on continual text classification under the class-incremental setting. Recent CL studies have identified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yifan Song , Peiyi Wang , Weimin Xiong , Dawei Zhu , Tianyu Liu , Zhifang Sui , Sujian Li

The holy grail of machine learning is to enable Continual Federated Learning (CFL) to enhance the efficiency, privacy, and scalability of AI systems while learning from streaming data. The primary challenge of a CFL system is to overcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Satish Kumar Keshri , Nazreen Shah , Ranjitha Prasad

One weakness of machine learning algorithms is the poor ability of models to solve new problems without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. The Continual Learning (CL) paradigm has emerged as a protocol to systematically investigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Heinke Hihn , Daniel A. Braun

Online continual learning (OCL) aims to enable model learning from a non-stationary data stream to continuously acquire new knowledge as well as retain the learnt one, under the constraints of having limited system size and computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Sheng-Feng Yu , Wei-Chen Chiu

Continual learning, the ability of a model to adapt to an ongoing sequence of tasks without forgetting earlier ones, is a central goal of artificial intelligence. To better understand its underlying mechanisms, we study the limitations of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-21 Hossein Taheri , Avishek Ghosh , Arya Mazumdar

Continual learning in deep neural networks often suffers from catastrophic forgetting, where representations for previous tasks are overwritten during subsequent training. We propose a novel sample retrieval strategy from the memory buffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Hongye Xu , Jan Wasilewski , Bartosz Krawczyk

The ability to learn in dynamic, nonstationary environments without forgetting previous knowledge, also known as Continual Learning (CL), is a key enabler for scalable and trustworthy deployments of adaptive solutions. While the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Andrea Cossu , Antonio Carta , Davide Bacciu

Continual learning (CL) is the sub-field of machine learning concerned with accumulating knowledge in dynamic environments. So far, CL research has mainly focused on incremental classification tasks, where models learn to classify new…

Catastrophic forgetting in continual learning is a common destructive phenomenon in gradient-based neural networks that learn sequential tasks, and it is much different from forgetting in humans, who can learn and accumulate knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Guannan Hu , Wu Zhang , Hu Ding , Wenhao Zhu

The intrinsic capability to continuously learn a changing data stream is a desideratum of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, current DNNs suffer from catastrophic forgetting, which interferes with remembering past knowledge. To mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghia D. Nguyen , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Ang Li , Hoang Pham , Viet Anh Nguyen , Khoa D. Doan