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Fermionic Linear Optics (FLO) is a restricted model of quantum computation which in its original form is known to be efficiently classically simulable. We show that, when initialized with suitable input states, FLO circuits can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-14 Michał Oszmaniec , Ninnat Dangniam , Mauro E. S. Morales , Zoltán Zimborás

We revisit the problem of learning fermionic linear optics (FLO), also known as fermionic Gaussian unitaries. Given black-box query access to an unknown FLO, previous proposals required $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(n^5 / \varepsilon^2)$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Aria Christensen , Andrew Zhao

We propose efficient algorithms for classically simulating fermionic linear optics operations applied to non-Gaussian initial states. By gadget constructions, this provides algorithms for fermionic linear optics with non-Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-22 Beatriz Dias , Robert Koenig

We present a classical algorithm for simulating universal quantum circuits composed of "free" nearest-neighbour matchgates or equivalently fermionic-linear-optical (FLO) gates, and "resourceful" non-Gaussian gates. We achieve the promotion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Oliver Reardon-Smith , Michał Oszmaniec , Kamil Korzekwa

Quantum generative learning is a promising application of quantum computers, but faces several trainability challenges, including the difficulty in experimental gradient estimations. For certain structured quantum generative models,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Bence Bakó , Zoltán Kolarovszki , Zoltán Zimborás

Fermionic linear optics is efficiently classically simulatable. Here it is shown that the set of states achievable with fermionic linear optics and particle measurements is the closure of a low dimensional Lie group. The weakness of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Knill

Fermionic linear optics (FLO) with Gaussian resources is efficiently classically simulable. We show that this is no longer the case for such quantum circuits for fermions with internal degrees of freedom, equipped with mid-circuit number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Chenfeng Cao , Yifan Tang , Jens Eisert

Sampling unitary Fermionic Linear Optics (FLO), or matchgate circuits, has become a fundamental tool in quantum information. Such capability enables a large number of applications ranging from randomized benchmarking of continuous gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-02 Paolo Braccia , N. L. Diaz , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo , Diego García-Martín

We provide an alternative view of the efficient classical simulatibility of fermionic linear optics in terms of Slater determinants. We investigate the generic effects of two-mode measurements on the Slater number of fermionic states. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 David. P. DiVincenzo , Barbara M. Terhal

For numerous applications of quantum theory it is desirable to be able to apply arbitrary unitary operations on a given quantum system. However, in particular situations only a subset of unitary operations is easily accessible. This raises…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-06 Michał Oszmaniec , Zoltán Zimborás

We present and open source a quantum circuit simulator tailored to chemistry applications. More specifically, our simulator can compute the Born-rule probabilities of samples obtained from circuits containing passive fermionic linear…

Number-conserved subspace encoding reduces resources needed for quantum simulations, but scalable complexity trade-off bounds for $M$ modes and $N$ particles with $\mathcal{O}(N\log M)$ qubits have remained unknown. We study…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 M. H. Cheng , Yu-Cheng Chen , Qian Wang , V. Bartsch , M. S. Kim , Alice Hu , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Fermionic linear optics is a model of quantum computation which is efficiently simulable on a classical probabilistic computer. We study the problem of a classical simulation of fermionic linear optics augmented with noisy auxiliary states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Michał Oszmaniec , Jan Gutt , Marek Kuś

Fermionic linear optics is a limited form of quantum computation which is known to be efficiently simulable on a classical computer. We revisit and extend this result by enlarging the set of available computational gates: in addition to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-04 Sergey Bravyi , Robert Koenig

Notions of a Gaussian state and a Gaussian linear map are generalized to the case of anticommuting (Grassmann) variables. Conditions under which a Gaussian map is trace preserving and (or) completely positive are formulated. For any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Sergey Bravyi

Linear optical circuits can be used to manipulate the quantum states of photons as they pass through components including beam splitters and phase shifters. Those photonic states possess a particularly high level of expressiveness, as they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-19 Nicolas Heurtel

The Gottesman-Knill theorem states that a Clifford circuit acting on stabilizer states can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. Recently, this result has been generalized to cover inputs that are close to a coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Arne Heimendahl , Felipe Montealegre-Mora , Frank Vallentin , David Gross

The number of parameters describing a quantum state is well known to grow exponentially with the number of particles. This scaling clearly limits our ability to do tomography to systems with no more than a few qubits and has been used to…

Fermionic non-Gaussianity quantifies a quantum state's deviation from a classically tractable free-fermionic description, constituting a necessary resource for computational quantum advantage. Here we use fermionic antiflatness (FAF) to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Pedro R. Nicácio Falcão , Jakub Zakrzewski , Piotr Sierant

Fermionic averaged circuit eigenvalue sampling (FACES) is a protocol to simultaneously learn the averaged error rates of many fermionic linear optical (FLO) gates simultaneously and self-consistently from a suitable collection of FLO…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Adrian Chapman , Steven T. Flammia
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