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Designing high-performing metaheuristics for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, such as the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), remains a significant challenge, often requiring extensive domain expertise and manual tuning. Recent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Manuj Malik , Jianan Zhou , Shashank Reddy Chirra , Zhiguang Cao

This paper presents the constrained Hybrid Metaheuristic (cHM) algorithm as a general framework for continuous optimisation. Unlike many existing metaheuristics that are tailored to specific function classes or problem domains, cHM is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Piotr A. Kowalski , Szymon Kucharczyk , Jacek Mańdziuk

Many real-world vehicle routing problems involve rich sets of constraints with respect to the capacities of the vehicles, time windows for customers etc. While in recent years first machine learning models have been developed to solve basic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

The Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem (HFVRP) is an important variant of the classical Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) that aims to find routes that minimize the total traveling cost of a heterogeneous fleet of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-29 Vinícius R. Máximo , Jean-François Cordeau , Mariá C. V. Nascimento

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

This paper deals with the Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP), a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with environmental considerations, recently introduced in the literature by [Bektas and Laporte (2011), Transport. Res. B-Meth. 45 (8), 1232-1250].…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-04-22 Raphael Kramer , Anand Subramanian , Thibaut Vidal , Lucídio dos Anjos Formiga Cabral

Local search plays a central role in many effective heuristic algorithms for the vehicle routing problem (VRP) and its variants. However, neighborhood exploration is known to be computationally expensive and time consuming, especially for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhenyu Lei , Jin-Kao Hao , Qinghua Wu

Learning heuristics for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) has gained much attention due to the less reliance on hand-crafted rules. However, existing methods are typically trained and tested on the same task with a fixed size and distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang

Transportation is an essential area in the nowadays society, both for business sector and citizenry. There are different kinds of transportation systems, each one with its own characteristics. In the same way, various areas of knowledge can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Eneko Osaba

This paper presents an approach to learn the local-search heuristics that iteratively improves the solution of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). A local-search heuristics is composed of a destroy operator that destructs a candidate solution,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Lei Gao , Mingxiang Chen , Qichang Chen , Ganzhong Luo , Nuoyi Zhu , Zhixin Liu

Several metaheuristics use decomposition and pruning strategies to solve large-scale instances of the vehicle routing problem (VRP). Those complexity reduction techniques often rely on simple, problem-specific rules. However, the growth in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Christoph Kerscher , Stefan Minner

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) involves distributing (identical) items from a depot to a set of demand locations, using a single capacitated vehicle. We study a generalization of this problem to the setting of multiple…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-12-09 Inge Li Gortz , Marco Molinaro , Viswanath Nagarajan , R. Ravi

This paper addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by comparing classical and quantum Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches. An Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) agent is implemented in classical, full quantum, and hybrid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Eva Andrés

Mobile robotic platforms are an indispensable tool for various scientific and industrial applications. Robots are used to undertake missions whose execution is constrained by various factors, such as the allocated time or their remaining…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Nikolaos Tsiogkas , David M. Lane

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been adopted in urban areas to reduce environmental pollution and global warming as a result of the increasing number of freight vehicles. However, there are still deficiencies in routing the trajectories of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Erick Rodríguez-Esparza , Antonio D Masegosa , Diego Oliva , Enrique Onieva

Real-life problems are often characterized by conflicting optimization objectives. Consequently, there has been a growing interest not only in multi-objective models, but also in specialized multi-objective metaheuristics for solving those…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-30 Piotr Matl , Richard F. Hartl , Thibaut Vidal

The capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) is a challenging combinatorial optimisation problem abstracted from many real-world applications, such as waste collection, road gritting and mail delivery. However, few studies considered dynamic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Hao Tong , Leandro L. Minku , Stefan Menzel , Bernhard Sendhoff , Xin Yao

Recently, neural networks (NN) have made great strides in combinatorial optimization. However, they face challenges when solving the capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) which is to find the minimum-cost tour covering all required edges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Runze Guo , Feng Xue , Anlong Ming , Nicu Sebe

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

This paper introduces RouteFinder, a comprehensive foundation model framework to tackle different Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) variants. Our core idea is that a foundation model for VRPs should be able to represent variants by treating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Federico Berto , Chuanbo Hua , Nayeli Gast Zepeda , André Hottung , Niels Wouda , Leon Lan , Junyoung Park , Kevin Tierney , Jinkyoo Park