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As an emerging and vital topic for studying deep neural networks' vulnerability (DNNs), backdoor learning has attracted increasing interest in recent years, and many seminal backdoor attack and defense algorithms are being developed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Baoyuan Wu , Hongrui Chen , Mingda Zhang , Zihao Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Danni Yuan , Mingli Zhu , Ruotong Wang , Li Liu , Chao Shen

Backdoor learning is an emerging and vital topic for studying deep neural networks' vulnerability (DNNs). Many pioneering backdoor attack and defense methods are being proposed, successively or concurrently, in the status of a rapid arms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Baoyuan Wu , Hongrui Chen , Mingda Zhang , Zihao Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Danni Yuan , Chao Shen

Backdoor learning is a critical research topic for understanding the vulnerabilities of deep neural networks. While the diffusion model (DM) has been broadly deployed in public over the past few years, the understanding of its backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Weilin Lin , Nanjun Zhou , Yanyun Wang , Jianze Li , Hui Xiong , Li Liu

Backdoor attack intends to embed hidden backdoor into deep neural networks (DNNs), so that the attacked models perform well on benign samples, whereas their predictions will be maliciously changed if the hidden backdoor is activated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Yiming Li , Yong Jiang , Zhifeng Li , Shu-Tao Xia

Adversarial examples are well-known tools to evaluate the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs). Although lots of adversarial attack algorithms have been developed, it's still challenging in the practical scenario that the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Meixi Zheng , Xuanchen Yan , Zihao Zhu , Hongrui Chen , Baoyuan Wu

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to deep learning models by implanting hidden vulnerabilities that can be activated by malicious inputs. While numerous defenses have been proposed to mitigate these attacks, the heterogeneous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gorka Abad , Marina Krček , Stefanos Koffas , Behrad Tajalli , Marco Arazzi , Roberto Riaño , Xiaoyun Xu , Zhuoran Liu , Antonino Nocera , Stjepan Picek

This work provides the community with a timely comprehensive review of backdoor attacks and countermeasures on deep learning. According to the attacker's capability and affected stage of the machine learning pipeline, the attack surfaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Yansong Gao , Bao Gia Doan , Zhi Zhang , Siqi Ma , Jiliang Zhang , Anmin Fu , Surya Nepal , Hyoungshick Kim

Over the past few years, the emergence of backdoor attacks has presented significant challenges to deep learning systems, allowing attackers to insert backdoors into neural networks. When data with a trigger is processed by a backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Haiyang Yu , Tian Xie , Jiaping Gui , Pengyang Wang , Ping Yi , Yue Wu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) demonstrate superior performance in various fields, including scrutiny and security. However, recent studies have shown that DNNs are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Several defenses were proposed in the past to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Akshaj Veldanda , Siddharth Garg

Textual backdoor attacks are a kind of practical threat to NLP systems. By injecting a backdoor in the training phase, the adversary could control model predictions via predefined triggers. As various attack and defense models have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ganqu Cui , Lifan Yuan , Bingxiang He , Yangyi Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Generative large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks, yet they remain susceptible to backdoor attacks: carefully crafted triggers in the input can manipulate the model to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yige Li , Hanxun Huang , Yunhan Zhao , Xingjun Ma , Jun Sun

Although backdoor learning is an active research topic in the NLP domain, the literature lacks studies that systematically categorize and summarize backdoor attacks and defenses. To bridge the gap, we present a comprehensive and unifying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Marwan Omar

Generative large language models are crucial in natural language processing, but they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where subtle triggers compromise their behavior. Although backdoor attacks against LLMs are constantly emerging,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Xuxu Liu , Siyuan Liang , Mengya Han , Yong Luo , Aishan Liu , Xiantao Cai , Zheng He , Dacheng Tao

Third-party resources ($e.g.$, samples, backbones, and pre-trained models) are usually involved in the training of deep neural networks (DNNs), which brings backdoor attacks as a new training-phase threat. In general, backdoor attackers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yiming Li , Mengxi Ya , Yang Bai , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Neural backdoors represent one primary threat to the security of deep learning systems. The intensive research has produced a plethora of backdoor attacks/defenses, resulting in a constant arms race. However, due to the lack of evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Ren Pang , Zheng Zhang , Xiangshan Gao , Zhaohan Xi , Shouling Ji , Peng Cheng , Xiapu Luo , Ting Wang

Research on backdoor attacks in Federated Learning (FL) has accelerated in recent years, with new attacks and defenses continually proposed in an escalating arms race. However, the evaluation of these methods remains neither standardized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Thinh Dao , Dung Thuy Nguyen , Khoa D Doan , Kok-Seng Wong

Backdoor attacks have been shown to be a serious security threat against deep learning models, and detecting whether a given model has been backdoored becomes a crucial task. Existing defenses are mainly built upon the observation that the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Tong Wang , Yuan Yao , Feng Xu , Miao Xu , Shengwei An , Ting Wang

The widespread adoption of deep learning across various industries has introduced substantial challenges, particularly in terms of model explainability and security. The inherent complexity of deep learning models, while contributing to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kealan Dunnett , Reza Arablouei , Dimity Miller , Volkan Dedeoglu , Raja Jurdak

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attack, which does not affect the network's performance on clean data but would manipulate the network behavior once a trigger pattern is added. Existing defense methods have greatly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Min Liu , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Xiangyu Yue

We conduct a systematic study of backdoor vulnerabilities in normally trained Deep Learning models. They are as dangerous as backdoors injected by data poisoning because both can be equally exploited. We leverage 20 different types of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Guanhong Tao , Zhenting Wang , Siyuan Cheng , Shiqing Ma , Shengwei An , Yingqi Liu , Guangyu Shen , Zhuo Zhang , Yunshu Mao , Xiangyu Zhang
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