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Related papers: Understanding Memorisation in LLMs: Dynamics, Infl…

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Large language models (LLMs) have been proven capable of memorizing their training data, which can be extracted through specifically designed prompts. As the scale of datasets continues to grow, privacy risks arising from memorization have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhenhong Zhou , Jiuyang Xiang , Chaomeng Chen , Sen Su

The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

The training of modern large language models (LLMs) takes place in a regime where most training examples are seen only a few times by the model during the course of training. What does a model remember about such examples seen only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 A. Emin Orhan

Memorization in large language models (LLMs) makes them vulnerable to data extraction attacks. While pre-training memorization has been extensively studied, fewer works have explored its impact in fine-tuning, particularly for LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Fei Wang , Baochun Li

Memorization in Large Language Models (LLMs) poses privacy and security risks, as models may unintentionally reproduce sensitive or copyrighted data. Existing analyses focus on average-case scenarios, often neglecting the highly skewed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Hao Li , Di Huang , Ziyu Wang , Amir M. Rahmani

While recent research increasingly showcases the remarkable capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), it is equally crucial to examine their associated risks. Among these, privacy and security vulnerabilities are particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ali Satvaty , Suzan Verberne , Fatih Turkmen

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to memorizing training data, raising concerns about the potential extraction of sensitive information at generation time. Discoverable extraction is the most common method for measuring this…

Large language models, trained on massive corpora, are prone to verbatim memorization of training data, creating significant privacy and copyright risks. While previous works have proposed various definitions for memorization, many exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Trung Cuong Dang , David Mohaisen

The order of training samples plays a crucial role in large language models (LLMs), significantly impacting both their external performance and internal learning dynamics. Traditional methods for investigating this effect generally require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Hao Yang , Haoxuan Li , Mengyue Yang , Xu Chen , Mingming Gong

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Rich Caruana

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly central to recommendation scenarios due to their remarkable natural language understanding and generation capabilities. Although significant research has explored the use of LLMs for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Dario Di Palma , Felice Antonio Merra , Maurizio Sfilio , Vito Walter Anelli , Fedelucio Narducci , Tommaso Di Noia

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Vanessa Rodrigues , Besmira Nushi , Rich Caruana

Concerned with privacy threats, memorization in LLMs is often seen as undesirable, specifically for learning. In this paper, we study whether memorization can be avoided when optimally learning a language, and whether the privacy threat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Soumi Das , Qinyuan Wu , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Krishna P. Gummadi , Evimaria Terzi , Deepak Garg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Alexandros Christoforos

Understanding memorisation in language models has practical and societal implications, e.g., studying models' training dynamics or preventing copyright infringements. Prior work defines memorisation as the causal effect of training with an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Pietro Lesci , Clara Meister , Thomas Hofmann , Andreas Vlachos , Tiago Pimentel

The statistical study of human memory requires large-scale experiments, involving many stimuli conditions and test subjects. While this approach has proven to be quite fruitful for meaningless material such as random lists of words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Antonios Georgiou , Tankut Can , Mikhail Katkov , Misha Tsodyks

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have expanded beyond natural language processing to scientific prediction tasks, including molecular property prediction. However, their effectiveness in in-context learning remains…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are huge artificial neural networks which primarily serve to generate text, but also provide a very sophisticated probabilistic model of language use. Since generating a semantically consistent text requires a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Romuald A. Janik

Large Language Models (LLMs) store and retrieve vast amounts of factual knowledge acquired during pre-training. Prior research has localized and identified mechanisms behind knowledge recall; however, it has only focused on English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Constanza Fierro , Negar Foroutan , Desmond Elliott , Anders Søgaard

Continual learning (CL) in large language models (LLMs) is an evolving domain that focuses on developing efficient and sustainable training strategies to adapt models to emerging knowledge and achieve robustness in dynamic environments. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Çağatay Yıldız , Nishaanth Kanna Ravichandran , Nitin Sharma , Matthias Bethge , Beyza Ermis