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Background: Code summarization automatically generates the corresponding natural language descriptions according to the input code. Comprehensiveness of code representation is critical to code summarization task. However, most existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zheng Ma , Yuexiu Gao , Lei Lyu , Chen Lyu

The objective of pre-trained language models is to learn contextual representations of textual data. Pre-trained language models have become mainstream in natural language processing and code modeling. Using probes, a technique to study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 José Antonio Hernández López , Martin Weyssow , Jesús Sánchez Cuadrado , Houari Sahraoui

Pre-trained multilingual language models (LMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in cross-lingual transfer, but they often lead to an inequitable representation of languages due to limited capacity, skewed pre-training data, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Simran Khanuja , Melvin Johnson , Partha Talukdar

We propose a method to create document representations that reflect their internal structure. We modify Tree-LSTMs to hierarchically merge basic elements such as words and sentences into blocks of increasing complexity. Our Structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Khalil Mrini , Claudiu Musat , Michael Baeriswyl , Martin Jaggi

This paper presents Structure Aware Dense Retrieval (SANTA) model, which encodes user queries and structured data in one universal embedding space for retrieving structured data. SANTA proposes two pretraining methods to make language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Chenyan Xiong , Shi Yu , Yu Gu , Zhiyuan Liu , Ge Yu

The proliferation of complex structured data in hybrid sources, such as PDF documents and web pages, presents unique challenges for current Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in providing accurate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Shivani Upadhyay , Messiah Ataey , Syed Shariyar Murtaza , Yifan Nie , Jimmy Lin

Designers of statistical machine translation (SMT) systems have begun to employ tree-structured translation models. Systems involving tree-structured translation models tend to be complex. This article aims to reduce the conceptual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 I. Dan Melamed , Wei Wang

This survey organizes the intricate literature on the design and optimization of emerging structures around post-trained LMs. We refer to this overarching structure as scaffolded LMs and focus on LMs that are integrated into multi-step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Matthieu Lin , Jenny Sheng , Andrew Zhao , Shenzhi Wang , Yang Yue , Victor Shea Jay Huang , Huan Liu , Jun Liu , Gao Huang , Yong-Jin Liu

Fusing outputs from automatic speaker verification (ASV) and spoofing countermeasure (CM) is expected to make an integrated system robust to zero-effort imposters and synthesized spoofing attacks. Many score-level fusion methods have been…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-25 Xin Wang , Tomi Kinnunen , Kong Aik Lee , Paul-Gauthier Noé , Junichi Yamagishi

Multilingual sentence representations pose a great advantage for low-resource languages that do not have enough data to build monolingual models on their own. These multilingual sentence representations have been separately exploited by few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Dilan Sachintha , Lakmali Piyarathna , Charith Rajitha , Surangika Ranathunga

Achieving tight bounding boxes of a shape while guaranteeing complete boundness is an essential task for efficient geometric operations and unsupervised semantic part detection. But previous methods fail to achieve both full coverage and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Chanhyeok Park , Minhyuk Sung

The remarkable success of Large Language Models (LLMs) relies heavily on their substantial scale, which poses significant challenges during model deployment in terms of latency and memory consumption. Recently, numerous studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Weiyu Huang , Yuezhou Hu , Guohao Jian , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

In the modern language sciences, the core computational operation of syntax, 'Merge', is defined as an operation that combines two linguistic units (e.g., 'brown', 'cat') to form a categorized structure ('brown cat', a Noun Phrase). This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Elliot Murphy , Rohan Venkatesh , Edward Khokhlovich , Andrey Vyshedskiy

An emerging class of data systems partition their data and precompute approximate summaries (i.e., sketches and samples) for each segment to reduce query costs. They can then aggregate and combine the segment summaries to estimate results…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Edward Gan , Peter Bailis , Moses Charikar

Code summarization aims to generate brief natural language descriptions for source code. As source code is highly structured and follows strict programming language grammars, its Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) is often leveraged to inform the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Ze Tang , Chuanyi Li , Jidong Ge , Xiaoyu Shen , Zheling Zhu , Bin Luo

While most current approaches rely on further training techniques, such as fine-tuning or reinforcement learning, to enhance model capacities, model merging stands out for its ability of improving models without requiring any additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zehua Liu , Han Wu , Yuxuan Yao , Ruifeng She , Xiongwei Han , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan

Lemmatization of standard languages is concerned with (i) abstracting over morphological differences and (ii) resolving token-lemma ambiguities of inflected words in order to map them to a dictionary headword. In the present paper we aim to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Enrique Manjavacas , Ákos Kádár , Mike Kestemont

Code summarization aims to generate concise natural language descriptions of source code, which can help improve program comprehension and maintenance. Recent studies show that syntactic and structural information extracted from abstract…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ensheng Shi , Yanlin Wang , Lun Du , Hongyu Zhang , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang , Hongbin Sun

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) models rely on high-quality transcribed data for effective training. Generating pseudo-labels for large unlabeled audio datasets often relies on complex pipelines that combine multiple ASR outputs through…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jeena Prakash , Blessingh Kumar , Kadri Hacioglu , Bidisha Sharma , Sindhuja Gopalan , Malolan Chetlur , Shankar Venkatesan , Andreas Stolcke

Semantic segmentation has been widely investigated in the community, in which the state of the art techniques are based on supervised models. Those models have reported unprecedented performance at the cost of requiring a large set of high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Rihuan Ke , Angelica Aviles-Rivero , Saurabh Pandey , Saikumar Reddy , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb