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Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have greatly improved image understanding and captioning capabilities. However, existing image captioning benchmarks typically suffer from limited diversity in caption length, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zitong Xu , Huiyu Duan , Shengyao Qin , Guangyu Yang , Guangji Ma , Xiongkuo Min , Ke Gu , Guangtao Zhai , Patrick Le Callet

Although CLIPScore is a powerful generic metric that captures the similarity between a text and an image, it fails to distinguish between a caption that is meant to complement the information in an image and a description that is meant to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Amir Zur , Elisa Kreiss , Karel D'Oosterlinck , Christopher Potts , Atticus Geiger

Referenceless metrics (e.g., CLIPScore) use pretrained vision--language models to assess image descriptions directly without costly ground-truth reference texts. Such methods can facilitate rapid progress, but only if they truly align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Elisa Kreiss , Eric Zelikman , Christopher Potts , Nick Haber

The image captioning task is about to generate suitable descriptions from images. For this task there can be several challenges such as accuracy, fluency and diversity. However there are few metrics that can cover all these properties while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Chao Zeng , Sam Kwong

Most existing image captioning evaluation metrics focus on assigning a single numerical score to a caption by comparing it with reference captions. However, these methods do not provide an explanation for the assigned score. Moreover,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yebin Lee , Imseong Park , Myungjoo Kang

Image captioning has long been a pivotal task in visual understanding, with recent advancements in vision-language models (VLMs) significantly enhancing the ability to generate detailed image captions. However, the evaluation of detailed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Qinghao Ye , Xianhan Zeng , Fu Li , Chunyuan Li , Haoqi Fan

Despite the success of various text generation metrics such as BERTScore, it is still difficult to evaluate the image captions without enough reference captions due to the diversity of the descriptions. In this paper, we introduce a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Hwanhee Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Franck Dernoncourt , Trung Bui , Kyomin Jung

Evaluating image captions without references remains challenging because global embedding similarity often misses fine-grained mismatches such as hallucinated objects, missing attributes, or incorrect relations. We propose MSD-Score, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shichao Kan , Xuyang Zhang , Haojie Zhang , Zhe Zhu , Yigang Cen , Yixiong Liang , Lianlei Shan , Linna Zhang , Zhe Qu , Jiazhi Xia

Image captioning, a fundamental task in vision-language understanding, seeks to generate accurate natural language descriptions for provided images. Current image captioning approaches heavily rely on high-quality image-caption pairs, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Chuanyang Jin

Automatically generating descriptive captions for images is a well-researched area in computer vision. However, existing evaluation approaches focus on measuring the similarity between two sentences disregarding fine-grained semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Philipp Harzig , Dan Zecha , Rainer Lienhart , Carolin Kaiser , René Schallner

Despite significant advancements in caption generation, existing evaluation metrics often fail to capture the full quality or fine-grained details of captions. This is mainly due to their reliance on non-specific human-written references or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sara Sarto , Nicholas Moratelli , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

The evaluation of machine-generated image captions poses an interesting yet persistent challenge. Effective evaluation measures must consider numerous dimensions of similarity, including semantic relevance, visual structure, object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 David Chan , Suzanne Petryk , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , John Canny

State-of-The-Art (SoTA) image captioning models are often trained on the MicroSoft Common Objects in Context (MS-COCO) dataset, which contains human-annotated captions with an average length of approximately ten tokens. Although effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luigi Celona , Simone Bianco , Marco Donzella , Paolo Napoletano

Automatically evaluating the quality of image captions can be very challenging since human language is quite flexible that there can be various expressions for the same meaning. Most of the current captioning metrics rely on token level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chao Zeng , Tiesong Zhao , Sam Kwong

The evaluation of image captions, looking at both linguistic fluency and semantic correspondence to visual contents, has witnessed a significant effort. Still, despite advancements such as the CLIPScore metric, multilingual captioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Gonçalo Gomes , Chrysoula Zerva , Bruno Martins

In image captioning where fluency is an important factor in evaluation, e.g., $n$-gram metrics, sequential models are commonly used; however, sequential models generally result in overgeneralized expressions that lack the details that may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Junjiao Tian , Jean Oh

Distinctive Image Captioning (DIC) -- generating distinctive captions that describe the unique details of a target image -- has received considerable attention over the last few years. A recent DIC work proposes to generate distinctive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Yangjun Mao , Long Chen , Zhihong Jiang , Dong Zhang , Zhimeng Zhang , Jian Shao , Jun Xiao

Automated Audio Captioning is a multimodal task that aims to convert audio content into natural language. The assessment of audio captioning systems is typically based on quantitative metrics applied to text data. Previous studies have…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Gijs Wijngaard , Elia Formisano , Bruno L. Giordano , Michel Dumontier

This paper presents ScaleCap, an inference-time scalable image captioning strategy that generates comprehensive and detailed image captions. The key challenges of high-quality image captioning lie in the inherent biases of LVLMs: multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Long Xing , Qidong Huang , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Jinsong Li , Shuangrui Ding , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Jiaqi Wang , Feng Wu , Dahua Lin

Image captioning models are usually trained according to human annotated ground-truth captions, which could generate accurate but generic captions. In this paper, we focus on generating distinctive captions that can distinguish the target…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Youyuan Zhang , Jiuniu Wang , Hao Wu , Wenjia Xu