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Generating realistic drum audio directly from symbolic representations is a challenging task at the intersection of music perception and machine learning. We propose a system that transforms an expressive drum grid, a time-aligned MIDI…

Music generation introduces challenging complexities to large language models. Symbolic structures of music often include vertical harmonization as well as horizontal counterpoint, urging various adaptations and enhancements for large-scale…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Seungyeon Rhyu , Kichang Yang , Sungjun Cho , Jaehyeon Kim , Kyogu Lee , Moontae Lee

Many music AI models learn a map between music content and human-defined labels. However, many annotations, such as chords, can be naturally expressed within the music modality itself, e.g., as sequences of symbolic notes. This observation…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyan Jiang , Daniel Chin , Liwei Lin , Xuanjie Liu , Gus Xia

Graphs can be leveraged to model polyphonic multitrack symbolic music, where notes, chords and entire sections may be linked at different levels of the musical hierarchy by tonal and rhythmic relationships. Nonetheless, there is a lack of…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Emanuele Cosenza , Andrea Valenti , Davide Bacciu

A great number of deep learning based models have been recently proposed for automatic music composition. Among these models, the Transformer stands out as a prominent approach for generating expressive classical piano performance with a…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Yu-Siang Huang , Yi-Hsuan Yang

This paper explores sequential modelling of polyphonic music with deep neural networks. While recent breakthroughs have focussed on network architecture, we demonstrate that the representation of the sequence can make an equally significant…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Omar Peracha

Automatic Music Transcription has seen significant progress in recent years by training custom deep neural networks on large datasets. However, these models have required extensive domain-specific design of network architectures,…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Curtis Hawthorne , Ian Simon , Rigel Swavely , Ethan Manilow , Jesse Engel

With recent breakthroughs in artificial neural networks, deep generative models have become one of the leading techniques for computational creativity. Despite very promising progress on image and short sequence generation, symbolic music…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Ke Chen , Weilin Zhang , Shlomo Dubnov , Gus Xia , Wei Li

Most work on musical score models (a.k.a. musical language models) for music transcription has focused on describing the local sequential dependence of notes in musical scores and failed to capture their global repetitive structure, which…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Eita Nakamura , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

Deep learning models define the state-of-the-art in Automatic Drum Transcription (ADT), yet their performance is contingent upon large-scale, paired audio-MIDI datasets, which are scarce. Existing workarounds that use synthetic data often…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Pierfrancesco Melucci , Paolo Merialdo , Taketo Akama

Several adaptations of Transformers models have been developed in various domains since its breakthrough in Natural Language Processing (NLP). This trend has spread into the field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR), including studies…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller , Dorien Herremans

Timbre and pitch are the two main perceptual properties of musical sounds. Depending on the target applications, we sometimes prefer to focus on one of them, while reducing the effect of the other. Researchers have managed to hand-craft…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Yun-Ning Hung , Yi-An Chen , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Deep learning has significantly improved the accuracy of crop classification using multispectral temporal data. However, these models have complex structures with numerous parameters, requiring large amounts of data and costly training. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Wei Cheng , Hongrui Ye , Xiao Wen , Jiachen Zhang , Jiping Xu , Feifan Zhang

Automatic music generation with artificial intelligence typically requires a large amount of data which is hard to obtain for many less common genres and musical instruments. To tackle this issue, we present ongoing work and preliminary…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Li Zhang , Chris Callison-Burch

In this study, we train deep neural networks to classify composer on a symbolic domain. The model takes a two-channel two-dimensional input, i.e., onset and note activations of time-pitch representation, which is converted from MIDI…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Sunghyeon Kim , Hyeyoon Lee , Sunjong Park , Jinho Lee , Keunwoo Choi

Music has the power to evoke intense emotional experiences and regulate the mood of an individual. With the advent of online streaming services, research in music recommendation services has seen tremendous progress. Modern methods…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Kunal Vaswani , Yudhik Agrawal , Vinoo Alluri

Subword tokenization has been widely successful in text-based natural language processing (NLP) tasks with Transformer-based models. As Transformer models become increasingly popular in symbolic music-related studies, it is imperative to…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Adarsh Kumar , Pedro Sarmento

Symbolic music generation faces a fundamental trade-off between efficiency and quality. Fine-grained tokenizations achieve strong coherence but incur long sequences and high complexity, while compact tokenizations improve efficiency at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ting-Kang Wang , Chih-Pin Tan , Yi-Hsuan Yang

We introduce MIDI-VAE, a neural network model based on Variational Autoencoders that is capable of handling polyphonic music with multiple instrument tracks, as well as modeling the dynamics of music by incorporating note durations and…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Gino Brunner , Andres Konrad , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Definitive embeddings remain a fundamental challenge of computational musicology for symbolic music in deep learning today. Analogous to natural language, music can be modeled as a sequence of tokens. This motivates the majority of existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei , Paul Yaozhu Chan , Zhenglu Yang , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua