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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, prompting a surge in their practical applications. However, concerns have arisen regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs outputs, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Danna Zheng , Danyang Liu , Mirella Lapata , Jeff Z. Pan

Automated testing plays a crucial role in ensuring software security. It heavily relies on formal specifications to validate the correctness of the system behavior. However, the main approach to defining these formal specifications is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Hui Li , Zhen Dong , Siao Wang , Hui Zhang , Liwei Shen , Xin Peng , Dongdong She

The evaluation of generative or discriminative large language model (LLM)-based systems is often a complex multi-dimensional problem. Typically, a set of system configuration alternatives are evaluated on one or more benchmark datasets,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-01-31 Samuel Ackerman , Eitan Farchi , Orna Raz , Assaf Toledo

This study introduces an ensemble framework for unstructured text categorization using large language models (LLMs). By integrating multiple models, the ensemble large language model (eLLM) framework addresses common weaknesses of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ariel Kamen , Yakov Kamen

FActScore has gained popularity as a metric to estimate the factuality of long-form texts generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) in English. However, there has not been any work in studying the behavior of FActScore in other languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Kim Trong Vu , Michael Krumdick , Varshini Reddy , Franck Dernoncourt , Viet Dac Lai

Topology optimization is a widely used design method that produces optimized material distributions for prescribed objectives and constraints through well-established numerical algorithms. Throughout the workflow, engineers make a series of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Hyunjee Park , Hayoung Chung

Providing students with detailed and timely grading feedback is essential for self-learning. While existing LLM-based grading systems are promising, most of them rely on one single model, which limits their performance. To address this, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuki Ito , Qiang Ma

Large language model (LLM) evaluation platforms increasingly rely on pairwise human judgments. These data are noisy, sparse, and non-uniform, yet leaderboards are reported with limited uncertainty quantification. We study this as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Jiachun Li , David Simchi-Levi , Will Wei Sun

While the fast-paced inception of novel tasks and new datasets helps foster active research in a community towards interesting directions, keeping track of the abundance of research activity in different areas on different datasets is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Yufang Hou , Charles Jochim , Martin Gleize , Francesca Bonin , Debasis Ganguly

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

Generative recommendation systems, driven by large language models (LLMs), present an innovative approach to predicting user preferences by modeling items as token sequences and generating recommendations in a generative manner. A critical…

The wide acceptance of large language models (LLMs) has unlocked new applications and social risks. Popular countermeasures aim at detecting misinformation, usually involve domain specific models trained to recognize the relevance of any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Edouard Yvinec , Gabriel Kasser

A wide variety of NLP applications, such as machine translation, summarization, and dialog, involve text generation. One major challenge for these applications is how to evaluate whether such generated texts are actually fluent, accurate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Weizhe Yuan , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

Previous work has demonstrated that AI methods for analysing scientific literature benefit significantly from annotating sentences in papers according to their rhetorical roles, such as research gaps, results, limitations, extensions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Francisco Bolaños , Angelo Salatino , Francesco Osborne , Enrico Motta

Objective and scalable measurement of teaching quality is a persistent challenge in education. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential, general-purpose models have struggled to reliably apply complex, authentic classroom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Michael Hardy

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in comprehending and generating natural language content, attracting widespread attention in both industry and academia. An increasing number of…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Keke Huang , Yimin Shi , Dujian Ding , Yifei Li , Yang Fei , Laks Lakshmanan , Xiaokui Xiao

The rapid proliferation of benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for systematic methods to assess benchmark quality itself. We propose Benchmark^2, a comprehensive framework comprising three…

The paper explores the performance of LLMs in the context of multi-dimensional analytic writing assessments, i.e. their ability to provide both scores and comments based on multiple assessment criteria. Using a corpus of literature reviews…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhengxiang Wang , Veronika Makarova , Zhi Li , Jordan Kodner , Owen Rambow

Evaluating the output of generative large language models (LLMs) is challenging and difficult to scale. Many evaluations of LLMs focus on tasks such as single-choice question-answering or text classification. These tasks are not suitable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Sebastian Heineking , Jonas Probst , Daniel Steinbach , Martin Potthast , Harrisen Scells

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for clinical decision support, where hallucinations and unsafe suggestions may pose direct risks to patient safety. These risks are hard to assess: subtle clinical errors are often missed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yinzhu Chen , Abdine Maiga , Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz