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The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is an authoritative medical classification system of different diseases and conditions for clinical and management purposes. ICD indexing assigns a subset of ICD codes to a medical record.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Xindi Wang , Robert E. Mercer , Frank Rudzicz

Mental health has become a global priority, leading to a massive administrative burden in the coding of clinical diagnoses. This study proposes the automation of psychiatric diagnostic analysis by mapping free-text descriptions to the…

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with average length of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to a high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhichao Yang , Shufan Wang , Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat , Avijit Mitra , Hong Yu

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns diagnosis codes to clinical documents and is essential for healthcare billing and clinical analysis. Reliable coding requires that each predicted code be supported by explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xu Zhang , Wenxin Ma , Chenxu Wu , Rongsheng Wang , Zhiyang He , Xiaodong Tao , Kun Zhang , S. Kevin Zhou

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding plays an important role in systematically classifying morbidity and mortality data. In this study, we propose a hierarchical label-wise attention Transformer model (HiLAT) for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Leibo Liu , Oscar Perez-Concha , Anthony Nguyen , Vicki Bennett , Louisa Jorm

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification problem due to noisy medical document inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

Clinical notes in healthcare facilities are tagged with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code; a list of classification codes for medical diagnoses and procedures. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is the task of assigning ICD diagnosis codes to clinical notes. This can be challenging given the large quantity of labels (nearly 9,000) and lengthy texts (up to 8,000 tokens). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Junwen Duan , Han Jiang , Ying Yu

This technical report introduces a Named Clinical Entity Recognition Benchmark for evaluating language models in healthcare, addressing the crucial natural language processing (NLP) task of extracting structured information from clinical…

Linking clinical narratives to standardized vocabularies and coding systems is a key component of unlocking the information in medical text for analysis. However, many domains of medical concepts lack well-developed terminologies that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Denis Newman-Griffis , Eric Fosler-Lussier

Clinical information systems have become large repositories for semi-structured and partly annotated electronic health record data, which have reached a critical mass that makes them interesting for supervised data-driven neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Markus Kreuzthaler , Bastian Pfeifer , Diether Kramer , Stefan Schulz

Codification of free-text clinical narratives have long been recognised to be beneficial for secondary uses such as funding, insurance claim processing and research. The current scenario of assigning codes is a manual process which is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Rajvir Kaur , Jeewani Anupama Ginige , Oliver Obst

Healthcare providers usually record detailed notes of the clinical care delivered to each patient for clinical, research, and billing purposes. Due to the unstructured nature of these narratives, providers employ dedicated staff to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Chufan Gao , Mononito Goswami , Jieshi Chen , Artur Dubrawski

Background and Objective: Code assignment is of paramount importance in many levels in modern hospitals, from ensuring accurate billing process to creating a valid record of patient care history. However, the coding process is tedious and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Jinmiao Huang , Cesar Osorio , Luke Wicent Sy

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhichao Yang , Sunjae Kwon , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

Availability of diagnostic codes in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is crucial for patient care as well as reimbursement purposes. However, entering them in the EHR is tedious, and some clinical codes may be overlooked. Given an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tsvetan R. Yordanov , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Anita CJ Ravelli , Iacopo Vagliano

Sentence embedding tasks are important in natural language processing (NLP), but improving their performance while keeping them reliable is still hard. This paper presents a framework that combines pseudo-label generation and model ensemble…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ziwei Liu , Qi Zhang , Lifu Gao

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

Medical coding, the translation of unstructured clinical text into standardized medical codes, is a crucial but time-consuming healthcare practice. Though large language models (LLM) could automate the coding process and improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 John Wu , David Wu , Jimeng Sun

This study evaluates how well large language models (LLMs) can classify ICD-10 codes from hospital discharge summaries, a critical but error-prone task in healthcare. Using 1,500 summaries from the MIMIC-IV dataset and focusing on the 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Akram Mustafa , Usman Naseem , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi