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At any sustained positive growth rate of energy demand, depletion of all terrestrial energy resources, including non-renewable deuterium fusion and renewable solar, occurs within a remarkably compressed period. The time to depletion is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-28 Robert T. Nachtrieb , Steven J. Smith

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu

As AI assistants become commonplace in daily life, the demand for solutions that reduce the cost of inference without sacrificing utility is increasing. Existing work on AI sustainability frequently emphasizes hardware and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Madeline Jennings , Novarun Deb , Ronnie de Souza Santos

AI research has traditionally prioritised algorithmic performance, such as optimising accuracy in machine learning or runtime in automated planning. The emerging paradigm of Green AI challenges this by recognising energy consumption as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ilche Georgievski , Serhat Tekin , Marco Aiello

Artificial Intelligence's (AI) rapid development and growth not only transformed industries but also fired up important debates about its impacts on employment, resource allocation, and the ethics involved in decision-making. It serves to…

General Economics · Economics 2025-04-16 Mfon Akpan , Adeyemi Adebayo

Research and usage of artificial intelligence, particularly generative and large language models, have rapidly progressed over the last years. This has, however, given rise to issues due to high energy consumption. While quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Frederik F. Flöther , Jan Mikolon , Maria Longobardi

This paper introduces an infrastructure-aware benchmarking framework for quantifying the environmental footprint of LLM inference across 30 state-of-the-art models in commercial datacenters. The framework combines public API performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nidhal Jegham , Marwan Abdelatti , Chan Young Koh , Lassad Elmoubarki , Abdeltawab Hendawi

Deep learning models have revolutionized various fields, from image recognition to natural language processing, by achieving unprecedented levels of accuracy. However, their increasing energy consumption has raised concerns about their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Shreyank N Gowda , Xinyue Hao , Gen Li , Shashank Narayana Gowda , Xiaobo Jin , Laura Sevilla-Lara

Generative AI tools such as chatGPT are poised to change the way people engage with online information. Recently, Microsoft announced their "new Bing" search system which incorporates chat and generative AI technology from OpenAI. Google…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Robert Capra , Jaime Arguello

With the growing attention and investment in recent AI approaches such as large language models, the narrative that the larger the AI system the more valuable, powerful and interesting it is is increasingly seen as common sense. But what is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Gaël Varoquaux , Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Meredith Whittaker

The energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns due to their adverse effects on environmental stability and resource use. Yet, these energy costs remain largely opaque to users, especially when models are…

The past decade has seen a massive rise in the popularity of AI systems, mainly owing to the developments in Gen AI, which has revolutionized numerous industries and applications. However, this progress comes at a considerable cost to the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shyam Agarwal , Mahasweta Chakraborti

The rise of generative AI as a primary information source presents a paradigm shift from traditional web search. This paper presents a large-scale empirical study quantifying the fundamental differences between the results returned by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Mahe Chen , Xiaoxuan Wang , Kaiwen Chen , Nick Koudas

Creativity is a valuable human skill that has long been augmented through both analog and digital tools. Recent progress in generative AI, such as image generation, provides a disruptive technological solution to supporting human creativity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Daniel Hove Paludan , Julie Fredsgård , Kasper Patrick Bährentz , Ilhan Aslan , Niels van Berkel

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is driving significant environmental impacts. The rapid development and deployment of increasingly larger algorithmic models capable of analysing vast amounts of data are contributing to rising…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ana Valdivia

Modern AI practices all strive towards the same goal: better results. In the context of deep learning, the term "results" often refers to the achieved accuracy on a competitive problem set. In this paper, we adopt an idea from the emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Tim Yarally , Luís Cruz , Daniel Feitosa , June Sallou , Arie van Deursen

AI is demanding an evergrowing portion of environmental resources. Despite their potential impact on AI environmental sustainability, the role that programming languages play in AI (in)efficiency is to date still unknown. With this study,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Niccolò Marini , Leonardo Pampaloni , Filippo Di Martino , Roberto Verdecchia , Enrico Vicario

As research and deployment of AI grows, the computational burden to support and sustain its progress inevitably does too. To train or fine-tune state-of-the-art models in NLP, computer vision, etc., some form of AI hardware acceleration is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Dan Zhao , Siddharth Samsi , Joseph McDonald , Baolin Li , David Bestor , Michael Jones , Devesh Tiwari , Vijay Gadepally

As research and practice in artificial intelligence (A.I.) grow in leaps and bounds, the resources necessary to sustain and support their operations also grow at an increasing pace. While innovations and applications from A.I. have brought…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Dan Zhao , Nathan C. Frey , Joseph McDonald , Matthew Hubbell , David Bestor , Michael Jones , Andrew Prout , Vijay Gadepally , Siddharth Samsi

Addressing the so-called ``Red-AI'' trend of rising energy consumption by large-scale neural networks, this study investigates the actual energy consumption, as measured by node-level watt-meters, of training various fully connected neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Charles Edison Tripp , Jordan Perr-Sauer , Jamil Gafur , Amabarish Nag , Avi Purkayastha , Sagi Zisman , Erik A. Bensen