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We show the universal soft behavior of massless particles at the tree level by considering the operator product expansion of the soft vertex operator with the hard vertex operators. We find that after eliminating total derivative terms the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-11-14 Sho Higuchi , Hikaru Kawai

Soft theorems describe the behavior of scattering amplitudes when one or several external particles are taken to be energetically soft. In tree-level gravity there are universal soft theorems for the three leading orders in the soft…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-24 Eivind Jørstad , Sruthi A. Narayanan

The idea of adding particles to construct amplitudes has been utilized in various ways in exploring the structure of scattering amplitudes. This idea is often called Inverse Soft Limit, namely it is the reverse mechanism of taking particles…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-04 Dhritiman Nandan , Congkao Wen

In this paper, we derive a soft theorem at leading and subleading orders within the context of BFSS matrix theory. Specifically, we consider the effective field theory describing interactions between bound states of D0-branes at leading…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-06 Davide Laurenzano , John F. Wheater

In this note we study tree-level scattering amplitudes of gravitons under a natural deformation which in the large $z$ limit can be interpreted either as a $k$-hard-particle limit or as a $(n-k)$-soft-particle limit. When $k=2$ this becomes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-05-02 Freddy Cachazo , Pablo Leon

We extend our analysis of the soft behaviour of string amplitudes with massive insertions to closed strings at tree level (sphere). Relying on our previous results for open strings on the disk and on KLT formulae we check universality of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-03-23 Massimo Bianchi , Andrea L. Guerrieri

In this article, we analyze the boundary behaviors of pure Yang-Mills amplitudes under adjacent and non adjacent BCFW shifts in Feynman gauge. We introduce reduced vertexes for Yang-Mills fields, prove that these reduced vertexes are…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-08-09 Yun Zhang , Gang Chen

In this paper, we investigate the $2$-split behavior of tree-level amplitudes of bi-adjoint scalar (BAS), Yang-Mills (YM), non-linear sigma model (NLSM), and general relativity (GR) theories under certain kinematic conditions. Our approach…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Bo Feng , Liang Zhang , Kang Zhou

In a previous article, we have argued that Low's sub-leading soft photon theorem can be recovered as a Ward identity associated to the same large gauge transformations that control the leading piece of the theorem. The key for that was to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-12 Eduardo Conde , Pujian Mao

We study the soft graviton theorem recently proposed by Cachazo and Strominger. We employ the Cachazo, He and Yuan formalism to show that the next to subleading order soft factor for gravity is universal at tree level in arbitrary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-22 Chrysostomos Kalousios , Francisco Rojas

We study the soft limit of a recently proposed generalization of the biadjoint scalar amplitudes $m^{(k)}_{n}$, which have been conjectured to have a relation to the tropical Grassmannian $\text{Tr G}(k,n)$. Using the CHY formulation along…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-13 Diego García Sepúlveda , Alfredo Guevara

Extensions of the photon and graviton soft theorems are derived in 4d local effective field theories with massless particles of arbitrary spin. We prove that effective operators can result in new terms in the soft theorems at subleading…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-06-14 Henriette Elvang , Callum R. T. Jones , Stephen G. Naculich

We consider the tree-level scattering amplitudes in the NS-NS (Neveu-Schwarz) massless sector of closed superstrings in the case where one external state becomes soft. We compute the amplitudes generically for any number of dimensions and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-01-04 Paolo Di Vecchia , Raffaele Marotta , Matin Mojaza

We extend the recently discovered phenomenon of hidden zeros to tree amplitudes for Yang-Mills (YM) and general relativity (GR) theories with higher-derivative interactions. This includes gluon amplitudes with a single insertion of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Kang Zhou

In this note, we use the new bottom up method based on soft theorems to construct the expansion of single-trace Yang-Mills-scalar amplitudes recursively. The resulted expansion manifests the gauge invariance for any polarization carried by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Fang-Stars Wei , Kang Zhou

In this paper, we investigate multi-soft behaviors of tree amplitudes in nonlinear sigma model (NLSM). The leading behaviors of amplitudes with odd number of all-adjacent soft pions are zero. We further propose and prove that leading soft…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-04-05 Yi-Jian Du , Hui Luo

Recently, new soft graviton theorem proposed by Cachazo and Strominger has inspired a lot of works. In this note, we use the KLT-formula to investigate the theorem. We have shown how the soft behavior of color ordered Yang-Mills amplitudes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-22 Yi-Jian Du , Bo Feng , Chih-Hao Fu , Yihong Wang

In this note we show that the recent conjecture proposed by Cachazo and Strominger holds at tree level in arbitrary dimensions. The proof makes crucial use of the fact that the sub-leading operator is defined using the total angular…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-05-15 Nima Afkhami-Jeddi

The renormalization of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories with soft supersymmetry breaking is presented using spurion fields for introducing the breaking terms. It is proven that renormalization of the fields and parameters in the classical…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-07-19 W. Hollik , E. Kraus , D. Stöckinger

We investigate the soft decomposition of tree-level gluon amplitudes with split-helicity configurations. First, we show how any split-helicity amplitude can be fully fixed from inverse soft limit using BCFW calculation. We show how the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-09 Andriniaina Narindra Rasoanaivo , Fanomezantsoa Arlivah Andriantsarafara