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Sharding is a promising blockchain scaling solution. But it currently suffers from high latency and low throughput when it comes to cross-shard transactions, i.e., transactions that require coordination from multiple shards. The root cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Sourav Das , Vinith Krishnan , Ling Ren

Blockchain Sharding is a blockchain performance enhancement approach. By splitting a blockchain into several parallel-run committees (shards), it helps increase transaction throughput, reduce computational resources required, and increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yibin Xu , Jianhua Shao , Yangyu Huang , Tijs Slaats , Boris Düdder

The development of blockchain applications increased the demand for blockchain performance. Among the attempts of many blockchain scale-out solutions, sharding can improve performance and reduce the storage requirements of each node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Jia Kan , Jie Zhang , Xin Huang

Sharding is used to improve the scalability and performance of blockchain systems. We investigate the stability of blockchain sharding, where transactions are continuously generated by an adversarial model. The system consists of $n$…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Sharding enhances blockchain scalability by dividing the network into shards, each managing specific unspent transaction outputs or accounts. As an introduced new transaction type, cross-shard transactions pose a critical challenge to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Yizhong Liu , Andi Liu , Yuan Lu , Zhuocheng Pan , Yinuo Li , Jianwei Liu , Song Bian , Mauro Conti

Sharding is a technique to speed up transaction processing in blockchains, where the $n$ processing nodes in the blockchain are divided into $s$ disjoint groups (shards) that can process transactions in parallel. We study dynamic scheduling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Sharding enhances blockchain scalability by partitioning nodes into multiple groups for concurrent transaction processing. Configuring a large number of small shards usually helps improve transaction concurrency, but it also increases the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mingzhe Li , You Lin , Jin Zhang

Blockchain networks offer decentralization, transparency, and immutability for managing critical data but encounter scalability problems as the number of network members and transaction issuers grows. Sharding is considered a promising…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yongrae Jo , Chanik Park

Decentralized control, low-complexity, flexible and efficient communications are the requirements of an architecture that aims to scale blockchains beyond the current state. Such properties are attainable by reducing ledger size and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vishal Sharma , Zengpeng Li , Pawel Szalachowski , Teik Guan Tan , Jianying Zhou

The recent surge in federated data management applications has brought forth concerns about the security of underlying data and the consistency of replicas in the presence of malicious attacks. A prominent solution in this direction is to…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Sajjad Rahnama , Suyash Gupta , Rohan Sogani , Dhruv Krishnan , Mohammad Sadoghi

Sharding is used to address the performance and scalability issues of the blockchain protocols, which divides the overall transaction processing costs among multiple clusters of nodes. Shards require less storage capacity and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneously achieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchain systems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yizhong Liu , Jianwei Liu , Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles , Zongyang Zhang , Tong Li , Bin Hu , Fritz Henglein , Rongxing Lu

Sharding has emerged as a critical solution to address the scalability challenges faced by blockchain networks, enabling them to achieve higher transaction throughput, reduced latency, and optimized resource usage. This paper investigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziwei Wang , Cong Wu , Paolo Tasca

Integrating sharded blockchain with IoT presents a solution for trust issues and optimized data flow. Sharding boosts blockchain scalability by dividing its nodes into parallel shards, yet it's vulnerable to the $1\%$ attacks where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Zixu Zhang , Guangsheng Yu , Caijun Sun , Xu Wang , Ying Wang , Ming Zhang , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu , Andrew Reeves , Nektarios Georgalas

Traditional Blockchain Sharding approaches can only tolerate up to n/3 of nodes being adversary because they rely on the hypergeometric distribution to make a failure (an adversary does not have n/3 of nodes globally but can manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

Sharding, i.e. splitting the miners or validators to form and run several subchains in parallel, is known as one of the main solutions to the scalability problem of blockchains. The drawback is that as the number of miners expanding each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Nastaran Abadi Khooshemehr , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. Attempts to address this challenge include layer-2 solutions, such as Bitcoin's Lightning or Ethereum's…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Alexander Hentschel , Dieter Shirley , Layne Lafrance

We propose Shard Scheduler, a system for object placement and migration in account-based sharded blockchains. Our system calculates optimal placement and decides of object migrations across shards and supports complex multi-account…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Michał Król , Onur Ascigil , Sergi Rene , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Etienne Rivière