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Multimodality Representation Learning, as a technique of learning to embed information from different modalities and their correlations, has achieved remarkable success on a variety of applications, such as Visual Question Answering (VQA),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Muhammad Arslan Manzoor , Sarah Albarri , Ziting Xian , Zaiqiao Meng , Preslav Nakov , Shangsong Liang

Knowledge-based visual question answering (KB-VQA) requires a model to understand images and utilize external knowledge to provide accurate answers. Existing approaches often directly augment models with retrieved information from knowledge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhiyue Liu , Sihang Liu , Jinyuan Liu , Xinru Zhang

Recently, multimodal prompting, which introduces learnable missing-aware prompts for all missing modality cases, has exhibited impressive performance. However, it encounters two critical issues: 1) The number of prompts grows exponentially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Jaehyuk Jang , Yooseung Wang , Changick Kim

We introduce a novel deep learning-based audio-visual quality (AVQ) prediction model that leverages internal features from state-of-the-art unimodal predictors. Unlike prior approaches that rely on simple fusion strategies, our model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Ina Salaj , Arijit Biswas

Audio-Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR) seeks to model, and thereby exploit, the dynamic relationship between a human voice and the corresponding mouth movements. A recently proposed multimodal fusion strategy, AV Align, based on…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-20 George Sterpu , Christian Saam , Naomi Harte

Visual question answering (VQA) is the task of answering questions about an image. The task assumes an understanding of both the image and the question to provide a natural language answer. VQA has gained popularity in recent years due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Deepanway Ghosal , Navonil Majumder , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Rada Mihalcea , Soujanya Poria

Complex Visual Question Answering (Complex VQA) tasks, which demand sophisticated multi-modal reasoning and external knowledge integration, present significant challenges for existing large vision-language models (LVLMs) often limited by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jingwei Peng , Jiehao Chen , Mateo Alejandro Rojas , Meilin Zhang

This paper studies a category of visual question answering tasks, in which accessing external knowledge is necessary for answering the questions. This category is called outside-knowledge visual question answering (OK-VQA). A major step in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Alireza Salemi , Mahta Rafiee , Hamed Zamani

Retrieval-augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped traditional query-answering systems, offering unparalleled user experiences. However, existing retrieval techniques often struggle to handle multi-modal query contexts. In this…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Mengzhao Wang , Haotian Wu , Xiangyu Ke , Yunjun Gao , Xiaoliang Xu , Lu Chen

The objective of the Multiple Appropriate Facial Reaction Generation (MAFRG) task is to produce contextually appropriate and diverse listener facial behavioural responses based on the multimodal behavioural data of the conversational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Guanyu Hu , Jie Wei , Siyang Song , Dimitrios Kollias , Xinyu Yang , Zhonglin Sun , Odysseus Kaloidas

Multimodal networks have demonstrated remarkable performance improvements over their unimodal counterparts. Existing multimodal networks are designed in a multi-branch fashion that, due to the reliance on fusion strategies, exhibit…

Constructing a large-scale labeled dataset in the real world, especially for high-level tasks (eg, Visual Question Answering), can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, with the ever-growing amounts of data and architecture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Dong-Jin Kim , Jae Won Cho , Jinsoo Choi , Yunjae Jung , In So Kweon

The increasing availability of multimodal data across text, tables, and images presents new challenges for developing models capable of complex cross-modal reasoning. Existing methods for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answering (MMQA) often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Qi Zhi Lim , Chin Poo Lee , Kian Ming Lim , Kalaiarasi Sonai Muthu Anbananthen

Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (KBVQA) is a bi-modal task requiring external world knowledge in order to correctly answer a text question and associated image. Recent single modality text work has shown knowledge injection into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Diego Garcia-Olano , Yasumasa Onoe , Joydeep Ghosh

Document Visual Question Answering (DocVQA) requires models to jointly understand textual semantics, spatial layout, and visual features. Current methods struggle with explicit spatial relationship modeling, inefficiency with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ahmad Mohammadshirazi , Pinaki Prasad Guha Neogi , Dheeraj Kulshrestha , Rajiv Ramnath

Knowledge-intensive visual question answering requires models to effectively use external knowledge to help answer visual questions. A typical pipeline includes a knowledge retriever and an answer generator. However, a retriever that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Haoyang Wen , Honglei Zhuang , Hamed Zamani , Alexander Hauptmann , Michael Bendersky

In this paper, we propose SimMLM, a simple yet powerful framework for multimodal learning with missing modalities. Unlike existing approaches that rely on sophisticated network architectures or complex data imputation techniques, SimMLM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Sijie Li , Chen Chen , Jungong Han

Speech recognition is the technology that enables machines to interpret and process human speech, converting spoken language into text or commands. This technology is essential for applications such as virtual assistants, transcription…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-09 Xinyu Wang , Haotian Jiang , Haolin Huang , Yu Fang , Mengjie Xu , Qian Wang

Effectively retrieving, reasoning, and understanding multimodal information remains a critical challenge for agentic systems. Traditional Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) methods rely on linear interaction histories, which struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Qiuchen Wang , Shihang Wang , Yu Zeng , Qiang Zhang , Fanrui Zhang , Zhuoning Guo , Bosi Zhang , Wenxuan Huang , Lin Chen , Zehui Chen , Pengjun Xie , Ruixue Ding

Visual Question Answering (VQA) focuses on providing answers to natural language questions by utilizing information from images. Although cutting-edge multimodal large language models (MLLMs) such as GPT-4o achieve strong performance on VQA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Zhengxuan Zhang , Yin Wu , Yuyu Luo , Nan Tang