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As the global population ages, artificial intelligence (AI)-powered agents have emerged as potential tools to support older adults' caregiving. Prior research has explored agent autonomy by identifying key interaction stages in task…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Jiaxin An

With widespread applications of artificial intelligence (AI), the capabilities of the perception, understanding, decision-making and control for autonomous systems have improved significantly in the past years. When autonomous systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Chongzhen Zhang , Jianrui Wang , Gary G. Yen , Chaoqiang Zhao , Qiyu Sun , Yang Tang , Feng Qian , Jürgen Kurths

As AI systems increasingly exhibit autonomous, goal-directed, and long-horizon behavior, users lack a standardized way to detect the degree to which a system functions like an intentional actor for governance and accountability purposes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Allessia Chiappetta , Robert Mahari

Failures are challenging for learning to control physical systems since they risk damage, time-consuming resets, and often provide little gradient information. Adding safety constraints to exploration typically requires a lot of prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Steve Heim , Alexander von Rohr , Sebastian Trimpe , Alexander Badri-Spröwitz

As autonomous and agentic AI systems scale in robotic and human-machine environments, managing hallucination and persistent but unjustified action remains an open challenge. Rather than attributing these failures solely to model or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Srini Ramaswamy

Artificial intelligence systems are now deployed at scale across sectors, accompanied by a growing number of real-world incidents ranging from misinformation and cybercrime to autonomous-system failures. Databases of AI incidents index…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Sophia Abraham , Taiye Chen , Cyril Chhun , Giovanna Jaramillo-Gutierrez , Simon Mylius , Sayash Raaj , Peter Slattery , Sean McGregor

As multiple and heterogenous unmanned vehicle systems continue to play an increasingly important role in addressing complex missions in the real world, the need for effective cooperation among unmanned vehicles becomes paramount. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-16 Yoo-Bin Bae , Yeong-Ung Kim , Jun-Oh Park , Hyo-Sung Ahn

Long-term autonomy of robotic systems implicitly requires dependable platforms that are able to naturally handle hardware and software faults, problems in behaviors, or lack of knowledge. Model-based dependable platforms additionally…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Stalin Muñoz Gutiérrez , Gerald Steinbauer-Wagner

As autonomous systems are being developed in multiple industries it has been recognized that a phased approach is needed both for technical development and user acceptance. Partially in response, the automotive and aircraft industries have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-04 Daniel Baker , Sean Phillips

Autonomous vehicles can enhance overall performance and implement safety measures in ways that are impossible with conventional automobiles. These functions are executed through vehicle control systems, which have been the subject of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-13 Gautam Shetty , Sabir Hossain , Chuan Hu , Xianke Lin

Assessing an AI system's behavior-particularly in Explainable AI Systems-is sometimes done empirically, by measuring people's abilities to predict the agent's next move-but how to perform such measurements? In empirical studies with humans,…

Autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI) has many benefits. It also has many risks. In this work, we identify the 3 levels of autonomous AI. We are of the position that AI must not be fully autonomous because of the many risks, especially as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tosin Adewumi , Lama Alkhaled , Florent Imbert , Hui Han , Nudrat Habib , Karl Löwenmark

Quantifying behaviors of robots which were generated autonomously from task-independent objective functions is an important prerequisite for objective comparisons of algorithms and movements of animals. The temporal sequence of such a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-16 Georg Martius , Eckehard Olbrich

The proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems exhibiting complex and seemingly agentive behaviours necessitates a critical philosophical examination of their agency, autonomy, and moral status. In this paper we undertake a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Paul Formosa , Inês Hipólito , Thomas Montefiore

How can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility…

Assuring safety for ``AI-based'' systems is one of the current challenges in safety engineering. For automated driving systems, in particular, further assurance challenges result from the open context that the systems need to operate in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-29 Marcus Nolte , Nayel Fabian Salem , Olaf Franke , Jan Heckmann , Christoph Höhmann , Georg Stettinger , Markus Maurer

We critically examine the limitations of current AI models in achieving autonomous learning and propose a learning architecture inspired by human and animal cognition. The proposed framework integrates learning from observation (System A)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Emmanuel Dupoux , Yann LeCun , Jitendra Malik

Personal autonomous vehicles are cars, trucks and bikes capable of sensing their surrounding environment, planning their route, and driving with little or no involvement of human drivers. Despite the impressive technological achievements…

We motivate and outline a programme for a formal theory of measurement of artificial intelligence. We argue that formalising measurement for AI will allow researchers, practitioners, and regulators to: (i) make comparisons between systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Elija Perrier

Artificial intelligence has made remarkable strides in recent years, achieving superhuman performance across a wide range of tasks. Yet despite these advances, most cooperative AI systems remain rigidly obedient, designed to follow human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Reuth Mirsky