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Heterogeneity is a fundamental property in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), which is closely related not only to the functional differences of agents, but also to policy diversity and environmental interactions. However, the MARL…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Tianyi Hu , Zhiqiang Pu , Yuan Wang , Tenghai Qiu , Min Chen , Xin Yu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces two critical bottlenecks distinct from single-agent RL: credit assignment in cooperative tasks and partial observability of environmental states. We propose LERO, a framework integrating Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Yuan Wei , Xiaohan Shan , Jianmin Li

Agent-based models (ABMs) have shown promise for modelling various real world phenomena incompatible with traditional equilibrium analysis. However, a critical concern is the manual definition of behavioural rules in ABMs. Recent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sumitra Ganesh

This paper introduces a novel, open-source MARL simulation framework for studying implicit cooperation in LEMs, modeled as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process and implemented as a Gymnasium environment for MARL. Our…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-19 Nelson Salazar-Pena , Alejandra Tabares , Andres Gonzalez-Mancera

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is central to robotic systems cooperating in dynamic environments. While prior work has focused on these collaborative settings, adversarial interactions are equally critical for real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Isaac Peterson , Christopher Allred , Jacob Morrey , Mario Harper

This paper is concerned with evaluating different multiagent learning (MAL) algorithms in problems where individual agents may be heterogenous, in the sense of utilizing different learning strategies, without the opportunity for prior…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Stefano V. Albrecht , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Multiagent reinforcement learning algorithms (MARL) have been demonstrated on complex tasks that require the coordination of a team of multiple agents to complete. Existing works have focused on sharing information between agents via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Samir Wadhwania , Dong-Ki Kim , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Jonathan P. How

Discovering successful coordinated behaviors is a central challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) since it requires exploring a joint action space that grows exponentially with the number of agents. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Ammar Fayad , Majd Ibrahim

The growing complexity of urban mobility and the demand for efficient, sustainable, and adaptive solutions have positioned Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) at the forefront of modern infrastructure innovation. At the core of ITS…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Rexcharles Donatus , Kumater Ter , Daniel Udekwe

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have accomplished remarkable breakthroughs in solving large-scale decision-making tasks. Nonetheless, most existing MARL algorithms are model-free, limiting sample efficiency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Qihan Liu , Jianing Ye , Xiaoteng Ma , Jun Yang , Bin Liang , Chongjie Zhang

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is typically framed as a decentralised partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP), a setting whose hardness stems from two key challenges: partial observability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Kale-ab Tessera , Leonard Hinckeldey , Riccardo Zamboni , David Abel , Amos Storkey

On-ramp merging is a challenging task for autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in mixed traffic where AVs coexist with human-driven vehicles (HDVs). In this paper, we formulate the mixed-traffic highway on-ramp merging problem as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-08 Dong Chen , Mohammad Hajidavalloo , Zhaojian Li , Kaian Chen , Yongqiang Wang , Longsheng Jiang , Yue Wang

A central problem in the theory of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is to understand what structural conditions and algorithmic principles lead to sample-efficient learning guarantees, and how these considerations change as we move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Dylan J. Foster , Dean P. Foster , Noah Golowich , Alexander Rakhlin

Reinforcement learning provides effective results with agents learning from their observations, received rewards, and internal interactions between agents. This study proposes a new open-source MARL framework, called COGMENT, to efficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Neda Navidi , Francoi Chabo , Saga Kurandwa , Iv Lutigma , Vincent Robt , Gregry Szrftgr , Andea Schuh

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has emerged as a powerfulparadigm for cooperative decision-making in connected autonomous vehicles(CAVs); however, existing approaches often fail to guarantee stability, optimality,and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Mazyar Taghavi , Javad Vahidi

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a branch of machine learning in which agents interact and learn optimal policies through trial and error, addressing complex scenarios where multiple agents interact and learn in the same…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Changhee Lee , Jeongmin Rhee , DongHwa Shin

Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is emerging as a key framework for various sequential decision-making and control tasks. Unlike their single-agent counterparts, multi-agent systems necessitate successful cooperation among the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jahir Sadik Monon , Deeparghya Dutta Barua , Md. Mosaddek Khan

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Shuo Liu , Tianle Chen , Zeyu Liang , Xueguang Lyu , Christopher Amato

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been applied extensively to solve complex decision-making problems. In many real-world scenarios, tasks often have several conflicting objectives and may require multiple agents to cooperate, which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tianmeng Hu , Biao Luo , Chunhua Yang , Tingwen Huang