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In this article, we study mathematically and numerically the ground states of three-component rotating spin-orbit coupled (SOC) spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates modeled by the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (CGPEs). Firstly, we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-23 Jing Wang , Wei Yang , Yongjun Yuan , Yong Zhang

In this article we introduce a multi-modal variational method to analytically estimate the full number- and corresponding energy-density profile of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) for a number of particles as low as 500 under…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2023-01-18 Projjwal K. Kanjilal , A. Bhattacharyay

The gradient flow with semi-implicit discretization (GFSI) is the most widely used algorithm for computing the ground state of Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Numerous numerical experiments have shown that the energy dissipation holds…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Zixu Feng , Lunxu Liu , Qinglin Tang

The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in ultracold vapors of alkali atoms has given enormous impulse to the theoretical and experimental study of dilute atomic gases in condensed quantum states inside magnetic traps and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-11-21 Weizhu Bao

In this paper, we propose a new numerical method to compute the ground state solution of trapped interacting Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at zero or very low temperature by directly minimizing the energy functional via finite element…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 Weizhu Bao , Weijun Tang

In this article, we propose an efficient and spectrally accurate numerical method to compute the ground states of three-dimensional (3D) rotating dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) under strongly anisotropic trapping potentials.The…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-06 Qinglin Tang , Hanquan Wang , Shaobo Zhang , Yong Zhang

We demonstrate that the ground state of a trapped spin-1 and spin-2 spinor ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can be well approximated by a single decoupled Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. Useful analytic models for the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2015-09-02 Sandeep Gautam , S. K. Adhikari

We propose an unsupervised deep learning approach for computing the ground state (GS) of rotating Bose-Einstein condensation. To minimize the energy under a mass constraint, our approach introduces two key and novel ingredients: a…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-11-12 Zhizhong Kong , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Cheng Yuan , Xiaofei Zhao

In this paper, we propose an efficient and spectrally accurate numerical method for computing the dynamics of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) in two dimensions (2D) and 3D based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with an…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-11 Weizhu Bao , Hanquan Wang

Machine Learning methods are emerging as faster and efficient alternatives to numerical simulation techniques. The field of Scientific Computing has started adopting these data-driven approaches to faithfully model physical phenomena using…

This paper concerns the mathematical and numerical analysis of the $L^2$ normalized gradient flow model for the Gross--Pitaevskii eigenvalue problem, which has been widely used to design the numerical schemes for the computation of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Tianyang Chu , Xiaoying Dai , Jing Wu , Aihui Zhou

We present a level-set based finite difference method to calculate the ground states of Bose Einstein condensates in domains with curved boundaries. Our method draws on the variational and level set approaches, benefiting from both of their…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Hwi Lee , Yingjie Liu

Gravity gradiometry with Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) has reached unprecedented precisions. The basis of this technique is the measurement of differential forces by interference of single-atom wave functions. In this article, we propose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 Tupac Bravo , Dennis Rätzel , Ivette Fuentes

In this paper, we generalize the normalized gradient flow method which was first applied to computing the least energy ground state to compute the least action ground state. A continuous normalized gradient flow (CNGF) will be presented and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-11-01 Chushan Wang

We show that both single-component and two-component Bose-Einstein condensates' (BECs) ground states can be simulated by deep convolutional neural networks of the same structure. We trained the neural network via inputting the coupling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-25 Xiao Liang , Sheng Liu , Yan Li , Yong-Sheng Zhang

In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing the dynamics of rotating two-component Bose--Einstein condensates (BECs) which is described by coupled Gross--Pitaevskii equations (CGPEs) with an angular…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2013-06-10 Ming Ju , Qinglin Tang , Yanzhi Zhang

This work considers the numerical computation of ground states of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) which can exhibit a multiscale lattice of quantized vortices. This problem involves the minimization of an energy functional on a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Yueshan Ai , Patrick Henning , Mahima Yadav , Sitong Yuan

Bubble-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) constitute a unique class of quantum fluids with a hollow, thin-shell geometry that supports a wide variety of phenomena that are distinct from those of compact condensates. Numerical…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2026-03-06 Abel Beregi , Jean-Baptiste Gerent , Nathan Lundblad

We investigate a computational device that harnesses the effects of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) to accelerate the speed of finding the solution of a given optimization problem. Many computationally difficult problems, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-29 Tim Byrnes , Kai Yan , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

We propose a method to determine the singlet-pair energy of a spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). By preparing the initial populations in the magnetic sublevels 0, 2, -2 with appropriate relative phases, we can obtain the coefficient of…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-11 Hiroki Saito , Masahito Ueda