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Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) involves adapting a pre-trained source model to continually changing unsupervised target domains. In this paper, we systematically analyze the challenges of this task: online environment, unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhilin Zhu , Xiaopeng Hong , Zhiheng Ma , Weijun Zhuang , Yaohui Ma , Yong Dai , Yaowei Wang

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods improve the robustness of deep neural networks to domain shift on a variety of tasks such as image classification or segmentation. This work explores adapting segmentation models to a single unlabelled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Klara Janouskova , Tamir Shor , Chaim Baskin , Jiri Matas

Test time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt deep neural networks when receiving out of distribution test domain samples. In this setting, the model can only access online unlabeled test samples and pre-trained models on the training domains.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Shuai Wang , Daoan Zhang , Zipei Yan , Jianguo Zhang , Rui Li

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adjusting the model during the testing phase to cope with changes in sample distribution and enhance the model's adaptability to new environments. In real-world scenarios, models often encounter samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziqiong Liu , Yushun Tang , Junyang Ji , Zhihai He

Many recent machine learning tasks focus to develop models that can generalize to unseen distributions. Domain generalization (DG) has become one of the key topics in various fields. Several literatures show that DG can be arbitrarily hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Yi-Fan Zhang , Xue Wang , Kexin Jin , Kun Yuan , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows a model to be adapted to an unseen domain without accessing the source data. Due to the nature of practical environments, TTA has a limited amount of data for adaptation. Recent TTA methods further restrict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Younggeol Cho , Youngrae Kim , Junho Yoon , Seunghoon Hong , Dongman Lee

The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) adapts the pre-trained models to test distributions during the inference phase exclusively employing unlabeled test data streams, which holds great value for the deployment of models in real-world applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Shuang Li , Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Tao Yang

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising paradigm for vision-language models (VLMs) to bridge the distribution gap between pre-training and test data. Recent works have focused on backpropagation-free TTA methods that rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhaohong Huang , Yuxin Zhang , Wenjing Liu , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji

Domain shift is a common problem in the realistic world, where training data and test data follow different data distributions. To deal with this problem, fully test-time adaptation (TTA) leverages the unlabeled data encountered during test…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Guoliang Lin , Hanjiang Lai , Yan Pan , Jian Yin

Deep learning models often struggle under natural distribution shifts, a common challenge in real-world deployments. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during inference without labeled source data. We present the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 John Turnbull , Shivam Grover , Amin Jalali , Ali Etemad

In real-world scenarios, tabular data often suffer from distribution shifts that threaten the performance of machine learning models. Despite its prevalence and importance, handling distribution shifts in the tabular domain remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Changhun Kim , Taewon Kim , Seungyeon Woo , June Yong Yang , Eunho Yang

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a trained model to a new domain during testing. Existing TTA techniques rely on having multiple test images from the same domain, yet this may be impractical in real-world applications such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Haoyu Dong , Nicholas Konz , Hanxue Gu , Maciej A. Mazurowski

Deep learning models perform poorly when domain shifts exist between training and test data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a paradigm to mitigate this issue by adapting pre-trained models using only unlabeled test samples. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Junsu Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Deploying machine learning (ML) models in the wild is challenging as it suffers from distribution shifts, where the model trained on an original domain cannot generalize well to unforeseen diverse transfer domains. To address this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Recently, test-time adaptation (TTA) has been proposed as a promising solution for addressing distribution shifts. It allows a base model to adapt to an unforeseen distribution during inference by leveraging the information from the batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Tong Wu , Feiran Jia , Xiangyu Qi , Jiachen T. Wang , Vikash Sehwag , Saeed Mahloujifar , Prateek Mittal