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Transformer models have achieved superior performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, the quadratic computational cost of the attention mechanism limits its practicality for long sequences. There are existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Simiao Zuo , Xiaodong Liu , Jian Jiao , Denis Charles , Eren Manavoglu , Tuo Zhao , Jianfeng Gao

State space models (SSMs) have gained attention by showing potential to outperform Transformers. However, previous studies have not sufficiently addressed the mechanisms underlying their high performance owing to a lack of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 JingChuan Guan , Tomoyuki Kubota , Yasuo Kuniyoshi , Kohei Nakajima

State-space models (SSMs) have emerged as a potential alternative architecture for building large language models (LLMs) compared to the previously ubiquitous transformer architecture. One theoretical weakness of transformers is that they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 William Merrill , Jackson Petty , Ashish Sabharwal

Sequence modeling plays a vital role across various domains, with recurrent neural networks being historically the predominant method of performing these tasks. However, the emergence of transformers has altered this paradigm due to their…

State-space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a compelling alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling tasks. This paper presents a theoretical generalization analysis of selective SSMs, the core architectural component behind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Arya Honarpisheh , Mustafa Bozdag , Octavia Camps , Mario Sznaier

Large Audio Language Models (LALM) combine the audio perception models and the Large Language Models (LLM) and show a remarkable ability to reason about the input audio, infer the meaning, and understand the intent. However, these systems…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Saurabhchand Bhati , Yuan Gong , Leonid Karlinsky , Hilde Kuehne , Rogerio Feris , James Glass

Recommender systems aim to estimate the dynamically changing user preferences and sequential dependencies between historical user behaviour and metadata. Although transformer-based models have proven to be effective in sequential…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Mark Obozov , Makar Baderko , Stepan Kulibaba , Nikolay Kutuzov , Alexander Gasnikov

Linear State Space Models (SSMs) offer remarkable performance gains in efficient sequence modeling, with constant inference-time computation and memory complexity. Recent advances, such as Mamba, further enhance SSMs with input-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zheng Zhan , Liliang Ren , Shuohang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Yang Liu , Yeyun Gong , Yanzhi Wang , Yelong Shen

State-space models (SSMs) have recently demonstrated competitive performance to transformers at large-scale language modeling benchmarks while achieving linear time and memory complexity as a function of sequence length. Mamba, a recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Quentin Anthony , Yury Tokpanov , Paolo Glorioso , Beren Millidge

State-space models (SSMs) and transformers dominate the language modeling landscape. However, they are constrained to a lower computational complexity than classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), limiting their expressivity. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mark Schöne , Babak Rahmani , Heiner Kremer , Fabian Falck , Hitesh Ballani , Jannes Gladrow

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the popular transformer-based models and have been increasingly gaining attention. Compared to transformers, SSMs excel at tasks with sequential data or longer contexts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xingtai Lv , Youbang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Shang Qu , Xuekai Zhu , Yuchen Fan , Yi Wu , Ermo Hua , Xinwei Long , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

State-space language models such as Mamba match Transformer quality while permitting linear complexity inference, yet still comprise billions of parameters that hinder deployment. Existing one-shot pruning methods are tailored to attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Kaiwen Tuo , Huan Wang

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning across various tasks, including audio representation learning, due to their powerful modeling capabilities. However, they often suffer from quadratic complexity in both GPU memory usage and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-06 Siavash Shams , Sukru Samet Dindar , Xilin Jiang , Nima Mesgarani

Effectively learning from sequential data is a longstanding goal of Artificial Intelligence, especially in the case of long sequences. From the dawn of Machine Learning, several researchers have pursued algorithms and architectures capable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Matteo Tiezzi , Michele Casoni , Alessandro Betti , Marco Gori , Stefano Melacci

Transformers are the dominant architecture for sequence modeling, but there is growing interest in models that use a fixed-size latent state that does not depend on the sequence length, which we refer to as "generalized state space models"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Samy Jelassi , David Brandfonbrener , Sham M. Kakade , Eran Malach

Hybrid models that combine state space models (SSMs) with attention mechanisms have shown strong performance by leveraging the efficiency of SSMs and the high recall ability of attention. However, the architectural design choices behind…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hyunji Lee , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Jiyeon Kim , Dong Yu , Minjoon Seo

Structured state space sequence (S4) models have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance on long-range sequence modeling tasks. These models also have fast inference speeds and parallelisable training, making them potentially useful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Chris Lu , Yannick Schroecker , Albert Gu , Emilio Parisotto , Jakob Foerster , Satinder Singh , Feryal Behbahani

Efficiently modeling sequences with infinite context length has long been a challenging problem. Previous approaches have either suffered from quadratic computational complexity or limited extrapolation ability in length generalization. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Liliang Ren , Yang Liu , Yadong Lu , Yelong Shen , Chen Liang , Weizhu Chen

Large pre-trained models have achieved outstanding results in sequence modeling. The Transformer block and its attention mechanism have been the main drivers of the success of these models. Recently, alternative architectures, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 J. Pablo Muñoz , Jinjie Yuan , Nilesh Jain

In this paper, we investigate the length-extension of state-space models (SSMs) in language modeling. Length extension involves training models on short sequences and testing them on longer ones. We show that state-space models trained with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Shida Wang