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Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced capabilities in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. These models, including GPT-3.5 and LLaMA-2, have revolutionized text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yunhong He , Jianling Qiu , Wei Zhang , Zhengqing Yuan

As the scale and capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) increase, their applications in knowledge-intensive fields such as legal domain have garnered widespread attention. However, it remains doubtful whether these LLMs make judgments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yiran Hu , Huanghai Liu , Qingjing Chen , Ning Zheng , Chong Wang , Yun Liu , Charles L. A. Clarke , Weixing Shen

Legal services rely heavily on text processing. While large language models (LLMs) show promise, their application in legal contexts demands higher accuracy, repeatability, and transparency. Logic programs, by encoding legal concepts as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Manuj Kant , Sareh Nabi , Manav Kant , Roland Scharrer , Megan Ma , Marzieh Nabi

Encoding legislative text in a formal representation is an important prerequisite to different tasks in the field of AI & Law. For example, rule-based expert systems focused on legislation can support laypeople in understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Samyar Janatian , Hannes Westermann , Jinzhe Tan , Jaromir Savelka , Karim Benyekhlef

In recent years, the rapid proliferation of open-source large language models (LLMs) has spurred efforts to turn general-purpose models into domain specialists. However, many domain-specialized LLMs are developed using datasets and training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Youngjoon Jang , Chanhee Park , Hyeonseok Moon , Young-kyoung Ham , Jiwon Moon , Jinhyeon Kim , JuKyung Jung , Heuiseok Lim

The rapid evolution and use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in professional workflows require an evaluation of their domain-specific knowledge against industry standards. We introduceCyberCertBench, a new suite of Multiple Choice Question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gustav Keppler , Ghada Elbez , Veit Hagenmeyer

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of natural language processing, with GPT models at the forefront. While their remarkable performance spans a range of tasks, adapting LLMs for real-world business scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Minh-Tien Nguyen , Duy-Hung Nguyen , Shahab Sabahi , Hung Le , Jeff Yang , Hajime Hotta

The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI) into the legal profession raises significant questions about the capacity of Large Language Models(LLM) to perform key legal tasks. In this paper, I empirically evaluate how well LLMs, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Rahul Hemrajani

Intellectual Property (IP) is a highly specialized domain that integrates technical and legal knowledge, making it inherently complex and knowledge-intensive. Recent advancements in LLMs have demonstrated their potential to handle…

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers transformative potential for interpreting complex legal frameworks, such as Title 18 Section 175 of the US Code, which governs biological weapons. These systems hold promise for advancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Abha Jha , Abel Salinas , Fred Morstatter

Climate change is a major socio-scientific issue shapes public decision-making and policy discussions. As large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as an interface for accessing climate knowledge, whether existing benchmarks reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Oucheng Liu , Lexing Xie , Jing Jiang

In this work, we conduct a detailed analysis on the performance of legal-oriented pre-trained language models (PLMs). We examine the interplay between their original objective, acquired knowledge, and legal language understanding capacities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Ilias Chalkidis , Nicolas Garneau , Catalina Goanta , Daniel Martin Katz , Anders Søgaard

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) make remarkable evolutions in language understanding and generation. Following this, various benchmarks for measuring all kinds of capabilities of LLMs have sprung up. In this paper, we challenge the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yinghui Li , Qingyu Zhou , Yuanzhen Luo , Shirong Ma , Yangning Li , Hai-Tao Zheng , Xuming Hu , Philip S. Yu

How to better evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is the focal point and hot topic in current LLMs research. Previous work has noted that due to the extremely high cost of iterative updates of LLMs, they are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zhikun Xu , Yinghui Li , Ruixue Ding , Xinyu Wang , Boli Chen , Yong Jiang , Hai-Tao Zheng , Wenlian Lu , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang

The recent development and success of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitate an evaluation of their performance across diverse NLP tasks in different languages. Although several frameworks have been developed and made publicly available,…

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises critical concerns regarding the unauthorized inclusion of copyrighted content in training data. Existing detection frameworks, such as DE-COP, are computationally intensive, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Szczecina , Senan Gaffori , Edmond Li

The transition of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive knowledge retrievers to autonomous clinical agents demands a shift in evaluation-from static accuracy to dynamic behavioral reliability. To explore this boundary in dentistry, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hongyang Ma , Tiantian Gu , Huaiyuan Sun , Huilin Zhu , Yongxin Wang , Jie Li , Wubin Sun , Zeliang Lian , Yinghong Zhou , Yi Gao , Shirui Wang , Zhihui Tang

This paper introduces MedExQA, a novel benchmark in medical question-answering, to evaluate large language models' (LLMs) understanding of medical knowledge through explanations. By constructing datasets across five distinct medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yunsoo Kim , Jinge Wu , Yusuf Abdulle , Honghan Wu

The significant progress of large language models (LLMs) provides a promising opportunity to build human-like systems for various practical applications. However, when applied to specific task domains, an LLM pre-trained on a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Jing Yao , Wei Xu , Jianxun Lian , Xiting Wang , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), which integrate language and visual cues for problem-solving, are crucial for advancing artificial general intelligence (AGI). However, current benchmarks for measuring the intelligence of MLLMs…

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