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Extensive efforts have been made before the public release of Large language models (LLMs) to align their behaviors with human values. However, even meticulously aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to malicious manipulations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeguan Xiao , Yan Yang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in various fields of society due to their powerful reasoning, understanding, and generation capabilities. However, the security issues associated with these models are becoming increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanxu Mao , Peipei Liu , Tiehan Cui , Zhaoteng Yan , Congying Liu , Datao You

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks, wherein adversaries exploit carefully engineered prompts to induce harmful or unethical responses. Such threats have raised critical concerns about the safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Taiye Chen , Zeming Wei , Ang Li , Yisen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI) services due to their exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human-like text. LLM chatbots, in particular, have seen widespread adoption,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Yuekang Li , Kailong Wang , Ying Zhang , Zefeng Li , Haoyu Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in diverse real-world settings, yet remain vulnerable to jailbreaking, where prompt-based attacks bypass safety filters. We present THREAT (Targeted Harmful generation via Reframing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shahnewaz Karim Sakib , Swati Kar , Anindya Bijoy Das

Many-shot jailbreaking circumvents the safety alignment of LLMs by exploiting their ability to process long input sequences. To achieve this, the malicious target prompt is prefixed with hundreds of fabricated conversational exchanges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Avery Ma , Yangchen Pan , Amir-massoud Farahmand

Customized Large Language Model (LLM) agents face a critical security threat from black-box instruction backdoors, where malicious behaviors are covertly injected through hidden system instructions. Although existing prompt-based defenses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zhengxian Wu , Juan Wen , Wanli Peng , Haowei Chang , Yinghan Zhou , Yiming Xue

Safety mechanisms for large language models (LLMs) remain predominantly English-centric, creating systematic vulnerabilities in multilingual deployment. Prior work shows that translating malicious prompts into other languages can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shirin Alanova , Bogdan Minko , Sabrina Sadiekh , Evgeniy Kokuykin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to a sophisticated form of adversarial prompting known as camouflaged jailbreaking. This method embeds malicious intent within seemingly benign language to evade existing safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Youjia Zheng , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to sophisticated prompt engineering attacks that exploit contextual framing to bypass safety mechanisms, posing significant risks in cybersecurity applications. We introduce Jailbreak Mimicry,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Pavlos Ntais

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized software development through AI-assisted coding tools, enabling developers with limited programming expertise to create sophisticated applications. However, this accessibility extends to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yifan Huang , Xiaojun Jia , Wenbo Guo , Yuqiang Sun , Yihao Huang , Chong Wang , Yang Liu

The safety of large language models (LLMs) has garnered significant research attention. In this paper, we argue that previous empirical studies demonstrate LLMs exhibit a propensity to trust information from authoritative sources, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Liang Lin , Zhihao Xu , Xuehai Tang , Shi Liu , Biyu Zhou , Fuqing Zhu , Jizhong Han , Songlin Hu

Jailbreaking techniques trick Large Language Models (LLMs) into producing restricted output, posing a potential threat. One line of defense is to use another LLM as a Judge to evaluate the harmfulness of generated text. However, we reveal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Wei , Yuqi Liu , N. Benjamin Erichson

The safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is vulnerable to both manual and automated jailbreak attacks, which adversarially trigger LLMs to output harmful content. However, current methods for jailbreaking LLMs, which nest entire…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Xirui Li , Ruochen Wang , Minhao Cheng , Tianyi Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Caution: This paper includes offensive words that could potentially cause unpleasantness. Language models (LMs) are vulnerable to exploitation for adversarial misuse. Training LMs for safety alignment is extensive and makes it hard to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Heegyu Kim , Sehyun Yuk , Hyunsouk Cho

Large Language Models have shown impressive generative capabilities across diverse tasks, but their safety remains a critical concern. Existing post-training alignment methods, such as SFT and RLHF, reduce harmful outputs yet leave LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zhengyue Zhao , Yingzi Ma , Somesh Jha , Marco Pavone , Patrick McDaniel , Chaowei Xiao

Despite efforts to align large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, widely-used LLMs such as GPT, Llama, and Claude are susceptible to jailbreaking attacks, wherein an adversary fools a targeted LLM into generating objectionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Alexander Robey , Eric Wong , Hamed Hassani , George J. Pappas

Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) often creates a systematic discrepancy between a model's aligned output and the underlying pre-aligned data distribution. We propose a framework in which the effect of safety alignment on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuxuan Lu , Yongkang Guo , Yuqing Kong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their power comes with significant security considerations. While extensive research has been conducted on the safety of LLMs in chat mode, the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Zihui Wu , Haichang Gao , Jianping He , Ping Wang