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Understanding AI systems' inner workings is critical for ensuring value alignment and safety. This review explores mechanistic interpretability: reverse engineering the computational mechanisms and representations learned by neural networks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Leonard Bereska , Efstratios Gavves

Mechanistic interpretability aims to understand the computational mechanisms underlying neural networks' capabilities in order to accomplish concrete scientific and engineering goals. Progress in this field thus promises to provide greater…

Mechanistic Interpretability aims to understand neural networks through causal explanations. We argue for the Explanatory View Hypothesis: that Mechanistic Interpretability research is a principled approach to understanding models because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Kola Ayonrinde , Louis Jaburi

Mechanistic interpretability aims to reverse engineer neural networks by uncovering which high-level algorithms they implement. Causal abstraction provides a precise notion of when a network implements an algorithm, i.e., a causal model of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Theodora-Mara Pîslar , Sara Magliacane , Atticus Geiger

Mechanistic interpretability aims to explain neural model behaviour by reverse-engineering learned computational structure into human-understandable components. Without a formal framework, however, mechanistic explanations cannot be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ward Gauderis , Thomas Dooms , Steven T. Holmer , Kola Ayonrinde , Geraint A. Wiggins

Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) promises a path toward fully understanding how neural networks make their predictions. Prior work demonstrates that even when trained to perform simple arithmetic, models can implement a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ouail Kitouni , Niklas Nolte , Víctor Samuel Pérez-Díaz , Sokratis Trifinopoulos , Mike Williams

Causal abstraction provides a theoretical foundation for mechanistic interpretability, the field concerned with providing intelligible algorithms that are faithful simplifications of the known, but opaque low-level details of black box AI…

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) is an emerging framework for interpreting neural networks. Given a task and model, MI aims to discover a succinct algorithmic process, an interpretation, that explains the model's decision process on that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Alan Sun , Mariya Toneva

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) is an emerging sub-field of interpretability that seeks to understand a neural network model by reverse-engineering its internal computations. Recently, MI has garnered significant attention for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Daking Rai , Yilun Zhou , Shi Feng , Abulhair Saparov , Ziyu Yao

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions,…

Mechanistic interpretability is an emerging diagnostic approach for neural models that has gained traction in broader natural language processing domains. This paradigm aims to provide attribution to components of neural systems where…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Andrew Parry , Catherine Chen , Carsten Eickhoff , Sean MacAvaney

Neural networks are growing more capable on their own, but we do not understand their neural mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms' decision-making processes, or mechanistic interpretability, enables (1) accountability and control in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Mason Kadem , Rong Zheng

The rise of the term "mechanistic interpretability" has accompanied increasing interest in understanding neural models -- particularly language models. However, this jargon has also led to a fair amount of confusion. So, what does it mean…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Naomi Saphra , Sarah Wiegreffe

Mechanistic interpretability aims to understand how neural networks generalize beyond their training data by reverse-engineering their internal structures. We introduce patterning as the dual problem: given a desired form of generalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 George Wang , Daniel Murfet

Probabilistic abstract interpretation is a theory used to extract particular properties of a computer program when it is infeasible to test every single inputs. In this paper we apply the theory on neural networks for the same purpose: to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zhuofan Zhang , Herbert Wiklicky

Neural networks are becoming a popular tool for solving many real-world problems such as object recognition and machine translation, thanks to its exceptional performance as an end-to-end solution. However, neural networks are complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Guoliang Dong , Jingyi Wang , Jun Sun , Yang Zhang , Xinyu Wang , Ting Dai , Jin Song Dong , Xingen Wang

The black box nature of deep neural networks poses a significant challenge for the deployment of transparent and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) systems. With the growing presence of AI in society, it becomes increasingly important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Bianka Kowalska , Halina Kwaśnicka

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to understand AI models by reverse-engineering the exact algorithms neural networks learn. Most works in MI so far have studied behaviors and capabilities that are trivial and token-aligned. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Satvik Golechha , James Dao

Mechanistic interpretability aims to understand the internal mechanisms learned by neural networks. Despite recent progress toward this goal, it remains unclear how best to decompose neural network parameters into mechanistic components. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Dan Braun , Lucius Bushnaq , Stefan Heimersheim , Jake Mendel , Lee Sharkey

Network interpretation as an effort to reveal the features learned by a network remains largely visualization-based. In this paper, our goal is to tackle semantic network interpretation at both filter and decision level. For filter-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Pei Guo , Ryan Farrell
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