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Related papers: How Reliable are LLMs as Knowledge Bases? Re-think…

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Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate a surprising amount of factual world knowledge. However, their performance on temporal questions and historical knowledge is limited because they often cannot understand temporal scope and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jonas Wallat , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Adam Jatowt , Avishek Anand

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

Pre-trained language models (LMs) have become ubiquitous in solving various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There has been increasing interest in what knowledge these LMs contain and how we can extract that knowledge, treating LMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Mujeen Sung , Jinhyuk Lee , Sean Yi , Minji Jeon , Sungdong Kim , Jaewoo Kang

Reliable uncertainty quantification (UQ) is essential when employing large language models (LLMs) in high-risk domains such as clinical question answering (QA). In this work, we evaluate uncertainty estimation methods for clinical QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Alberto Testoni , Iacer Calixto

Semantic consistency of a language model is broadly defined as the model's ability to produce semantically-equivalent outputs, given semantically-equivalent inputs. We address the task of assessing question-answering (QA) semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Ella Rabinovich , Samuel Ackerman , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Ensuring large language model (LLM) reliability requires distinguishing objective unsolvability (inherent contradictions) from subjective capability limitations (tasks exceeding model competence). Current LLMs often conflate these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Dengyun Peng , Qiguang Chen , Bofei Liu , Jiannan Guan , Libo Qin , Zheng Yan , Jinhao Liu , Jianshu Zhang , Wanxiang Che

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

As language models (LMs) become integral to fields like healthcare, law, and journalism, their ability to differentiate between fact, belief, and knowledge is essential for reliable decision-making. Failure to grasp these distinctions can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Mirac Suzgun , Tayfun Gur , Federico Bianchi , Daniel E. Ho , Thomas Icard , Dan Jurafsky , James Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used in Question Answering (QA) settings, increasingly in the natural sciences if not science at large. Reliable Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is critical for the trustworthy uptake of generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Philip Müller , Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber , Peter Steinbach

Large language models (LLMs) are stochastic, and not all models give deterministic answers, even when setting temperature to zero with a fixed random seed. However, few benchmark studies attempt to quantify uncertainty, partly due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Robert E. Blackwell , Jon Barry , Anthony G. Cohn

Handling unanswerable questions (UAQ) is crucial for LLMs, as it helps prevent misleading responses in complex situations. While previous studies have built several datasets to assess LLMs' performance on UAQ, these datasets lack factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Chuanyuan Tan , Wenbiao Shao , Hao Xiong , Tong Zhu , Zhenhua Liu , Kai Shi , Wenliang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for advancing fact-checking by leveraging their capabilities in reasoning, evidence retrieval, and explanation generation. However, existing benchmarks fail to comprehensively evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shuo Yang , Yuqin Dai , Guoqing Wang , Xinran Zheng , Jinfeng Xu , Jinze Li , Zhenzhe Ying , Weiqiang Wang , Edith C. H. Ngai

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on a variety of NLP tasks, and are being rapidly adopted in a wide range of use cases. It is therefore of vital importance to holistically evaluate the factuality of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Jiaqing Yuan , Lin Pan , Chung-Wei Hang , Jiang Guo , Jiarong Jiang , Bonan Min , Patrick Ng , Zhiguo Wang

The veracity of a factoid is largely independent of the language it is written in. However, language models are inconsistent in their ability to answer the same factual question across languages. This raises questions about how LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Maxim Ifergan , Leshem Choshen , Roee Aharoni , Idan Szpektor , Omri Abend

Large language models (LLMs) have recently driven striking performance improvements across a range of natural language processing tasks. The factual knowledge acquired during pretraining and instruction tuning can be useful in various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xuming Hu , Junzhe Chen , Xiaochuan Li , Yufei Guo , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Zhijiang Guo

Accurate and consistent evaluation is crucial for decision-making across numerous fields, yet it remains a challenging task due to inherent subjectivity, variability, and scale. Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success…

Previous studies have relied on existing question-answering benchmarks to evaluate the knowledge stored in large language models (LLMs). However, this approach has limitations regarding factual knowledge coverage, as it mostly focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Linhao Luo , Thuy-Trang Vu , Dinh Phung , Gholamreza Haffari

The recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) has brought a significant impact to boundless fields, particularly through their open-ended ecosystem such as the APIs, open-sourced models, and plugins. However, with their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wentao Ye , Mingfeng Ou , Tianyi Li , Yipeng chen , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Sai Wu , Jie Fu , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) serve as repositories of extensive world knowledge, enabling them to perform tasks such as question-answering and fact-checking. However, this knowledge can become obsolete as global contexts change. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yuhao Wu , Tongjun Shi , Karthick Sharma , Chun Wei Seah , Shuhao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance across various tasks, but their tendency to produce hallucinations limits reliable adoption. Benchmarks such as TruthfulQA have been developed to measure truthfulness, yet they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Lorenzo Alfred Nery , Ronald Dawson Catignas , Thomas James Tiam-Lee