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In pre- and non-clinical toxicology, the reduction of animal use is highly desireable. Although approaches for possible sample size reduction in the concurrent control group were suggested previously under the virtual control groups…

Confidence intervals for the means of multiple normal populations are often based on a hierarchical normal model. While commonly used interval procedures based on such a model have the nominal coverage rate on average across a population of…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-12-28 Chaoyu Yu , Peter D. Hoff

Credible intervals and credible sets, such as highest posterior density (HPD) intervals, form an integral statistical tool in Bayesian phylogenetics, both for phylogenetic analyses and for development. Readily available for continuous…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jonathan Klawitter , Alexei J. Drummond

Bayesian predictive probabilities are commonly used for interim monitoring of clinical trials through efficacy and futility stopping rules. Despite their usefulness, calculation of predictive probabilities, particularly in pre-experiment…

Applications · Statistics 2024-06-18 Joe Marion , Liz Lorenzi , Cora Allen-Savietta , Scott Berry , Kert Viele

Hybrid controlled trials (HCTs), which augment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with external controls (ECs), are increasingly receiving attention as a way to address limited power, slow accrual, and ethical concerns in clinical…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-02 Jiajun Liu , Ke Zhu , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

Cross-sectional prediction is common in many domains such as healthcare, including forecasting tasks using electronic health records, where different patients form a cross-section. We focus on the task of constructing valid prediction…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-04 Zhen Lin , Shubhendu Trivedi , Jimeng Sun

Consider a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial, with responses that are continuous random variables. We find a large-sample frequentist 1-alpha confidence interval for the treatment difference that utilizes the uncertain prior…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-09-27 Paul Kabaila , Khageswor Giri

While we would like to predict exact values, available incomplete information is rarely sufficient - usually allowing only to predict conditional probability distributions. This article discusses hierarchical correlation reconstruction…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-07 Jarosław Duda , Robert Syrek , Henryk Gurgul

Leveraging external or historical data to improve the efficiency of randomized clinical trials without introducing bias or inflating the Type I error rate remains challenging. Recent work on externally trained prognostic scores, such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Junyi Zhou , Qing Liu , May Mo , Amy Xia

Conformal risk control (CRC) is a recently proposed technique that applies post-hoc to a conventional point predictor to provide calibration guarantees. Generalizing conformal prediction (CP), with CRC, calibration is ensured for a set…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Kfir M. Cohen , Sangwoo Park , Osvaldo Simeone , Shlomo Shamai

Interpreting critical variables involved in complex biological processes related to survival time can help understand prediction from survival models, evaluate treatment efficacy, and develop new therapies for patients. Currently, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Xinxing Wu , Chong Peng , Richard Charnigo , Qiang Cheng

Over time, clinical trials have increasingly incorporated complex design and analysis elements such as interim analyses, adaptations, multiple endpoints, and sophisticated multiplicity schemes for multiple endpoints and/or treatment arms…

In current clinical trial development, historical information is receiving more attention as it provides utility beyond sample size calculation. Meta-analytic-predictive (MAP) priors and robust MAP priors have been proposed for…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-03 Tianyu Zhan , Yiwang Zhou , Ziqian Geng , Yihua Gu , Jian Kang , Li Wang , Xiaohong Huang , Elizabeth H. Slate

Reliable uncertainty quantification is essential for deploying machine learning systems in high-stakes domains. Conformal prediction provides distribution-free coverage guarantees but often produces overly large prediction sets, limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yunpeng Xu , Wenge Guo , Zhi Wei

In this paper, I apply the decision theory and empirical Bayesian approach to construct confidence intervals for selected populations when true parameters follow a mixture prior distribution. A loss function with two tuning parameters $k_1$…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-01-16 Zhigen Zhao

Evaluating heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) across subgroups is common in both randomized trials and observational studies. Although several statistical challenges of HTE analyses including low statistical power and multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-10 Noorie Hyun , Abisola E. Idu , Andrea J. Cook , Jennifer F. Bobb

Crucial for building trust in deep learning models for critical real-world applications is efficient and theoretically sound uncertainty quantification, a task that continues to be challenging. Useful uncertainty information is expected to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Zhen Lin , Shubhendu Trivedi , Jimeng Sun

Phase Ib/II oncology trials, despite their small sample sizes, aim to provide information for optimal internal company decision-making concerning novel drug development. Hybrid controls (a combination of the current control arm and controls…

Evaluation of clinical prediction models across multiple clusters, whether centers or datasets, is becoming increasingly common. A comprehensive evaluation includes an assessment of the agreement between the estimated risks and the observed…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-22 Lasai Barreñada , Bavo D. C. Campo , Laure Wynants , Ben Van Calster

We show, to our knowledge, the first theoretical treatments of two common questions in cross-validation based hyperparameter selection: (1) After selecting the best hyperparameter using a held-out set, we train the final model using {\em…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Parikshit Ram , Alexander G. Gray , Horst C. Samulowitz , Gregory Bramble