Related papers: The discrepancy of the Champernowne constant

We show, from a topological viewpoint, that most numbers are not normal in a strong sense. More precisely, the set of numbers $x \in (0,1]$ with the following property is comeager: for all integers $b\ge 2$ and $k\ge 1$, the sequence of…

We analyze the convergence order of an algorithm producing the digits of an absolutely normal number. Furthermore, we introduce a stronger concept of absolute normality by allowing Pisot numbers as bases, which leads to expansions with…

We prove that a point $x$ is normal with respect to an ergodic, number-theoretic transformation $T$ if and only if $x$ is normal with respect to $T^n$ for any $n\ge 1$. This corrects an erroneous proof of Schweiger. Then, using some…

Suppose you look at today's stock prices and bet on the value of the first digit. One could guess that a fair bet should correspond to the frequency of $1/9 = 11.11%$ for each digit from 1 to 9. This is by no means the case, and one can…

Given an integer $b\geqslant 2$ and a set $P$ of prime numbers, the set $T_P $ of Toeplitz numbers comprises all elements of $[0,b[$ whose digits $(a_n)_{n\geqslant 1}$ in the base-$b$ expansion satisfy $a_n=a_{pn}$ for all $p\in P$ and…

An integer $n\ge 1$ is said to be practical if every natural number $ m \le n$ can be expressed as a sum of distinct positive divisors of $n$. The number of practical numbers up to $x$ is asymptotic to $c x/\log x$, where $c$ is a constant.…

The occurrence of digits 1 through 9 as the leftmost nonzero digit of numbers from real-world sources is distributed unevenly according to an empirical law, known as Benford's law or the first digit law. It remains obscure why a variety of…

Let $G$ be a countable cancellative amenable semigroup and let $(F_n)$ be a (left) F{\o}lner sequence in $G$. We introduce the notion of an $(F_n)$-normal element of $\{0,1\}^G$. When $G$ = $(\mathbb N,+)$ and $F_n = \{1,2,...,n\}$, the…

In this paper we study the property of normality of a number in base 2. A simple rule that associates a vector to a number is presented and the property of normality is stated for the vector associated to the number. The problem of testing…

It is known that there is a constant $c>0$ such that for every sequence $x_1, x_2,\ldots$ in $[0,1)$ we have for the star discrepancy $D^{*}_N$ of the first $N$ elements of the sequence that $N D^{*}_N\geq c\cdot \log N$ holds for…

Iannucci considered the positive divisors of a natural number $n$ that do not exceed the square root of $n$ and found all numbers whose such divisors are in arithmetic progression. Continuing the work, we define large divisors to be…

Let $a>1$. Denote by $l_a(p)$ the multiplicative order of $a$ modulo $p$. We look for an estimate of sum of $\frac{l_a(p)}{p-1}$ over primes $p\leq x$ on average. When we average over $a\leq N$, we observe a statistic of $C\mathrm{Li}(x)$.…

The uneven distribution of digits in numerical data, known as Benford's law, was discovered in 1881. Since then, this law has been shown to be correct in copious numerical data relating to economics, physics and even prime numbers. Although…

D. Bailey and R. E. Crandall recently formulated a "Hypothesis A", which provides a general principle to explain the (conjectured) normality of constants like pi or log 2 and other related numbers, to base 2 or other integer bases. This…

Normal approximations for descents and inversions of permutations of the set $\{1,2,...,n\}$ are well known. A number of sequences that occur in practice, such as the human genome and other genomes, contain many repeated elements. Motivated…

Number systems with a rational number $a/b > 1$ as base have gained interest in recent years. In particular, relations to Mahler's 3/2-problem as well as the Josephus problem have been established. In the present paper we show that the…

Let $\beta>1$ be a non-integer. First we show that Lebesgue almost every number has a $\beta$-expansion of a given frequency if and only if Lebesgue almost every number has infinitely many $\beta$-expansions of the same given frequency.…

Let $d_N=ND_N(\omega)$ be the discrepancy of the Van der Corput sequence in base $2$. We improve on the known bounds for the number of indices $N$ such that $d_N\leq \log N/100$. Moreover, we show that the summatory function of $d_N$…

A well known result of Newman says that upto a limit, multiples of $3$ with even number of 1's in binary representation always exceed multiples of $3$ with odd number of 1's. The phenomenon of preponderance of even number of 1's is now…

It is known that there is a constant $c > 0$ such that for every sequence $x_1, x_2, \ldots$ in $[0,1)$ we have for the star discrepancy $D_N^*$ of the first $N$ elements of the sequence that $N D_N^* \ge c \cdot \log N$ holds for…