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Decentralized large language model (LLM) inference promises transparent and censorship resistant access to advanced AI, yet existing verification approaches struggle to scale to modern models. Proof of Quality (PoQ) replaces cryptographic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Arther Tian , Alex Ding , Frank Chen , Alan Wu , Aaron Chan , Bruce Zhang

In this paper we propose a double-linked blockchain data structure that greatly improves blockchain performance and guarantees single chain with no forks. Additionally, with the proposed proof-of-refundable-tax (PoRT) consensus algorithm,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Zheng-Xun Jiang , Ren-Song Tsay

Federated learning is an emerging privacy-preserving AI technique where clients (i.e., organisations or devices) train models locally and formulate a global model based on the local model updates without transferring local data externally.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Sin Kit Lo , Yue Liu , Qinghua Lu , Chen Wang , Xiwei Xu , Hye-Young Paik , Liming Zhu

Blockchain consensus is a state whereby each node in a network agrees on the current state of the blockchain. Existing protocols achieve consensus via a contest or voting procedure to select one node as a dictator to propose new blocks.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-06-22 Joshua S. Gans , Richard Holden

Federated learning (FL) is a promising distributed framework for collaborative artificial intelligence model training while protecting user privacy. A bootstrapping component that has attracted significant research attention is the design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Guangjing Huang , Xu Chen , Tao Ouyang , Qian Ma , Lin Chen , Junshan Zhang

Resource-based consensus is the backbone of permissionless distributed ledger systems. The security of such protocols relies fundamentally on the level of resources actively engaged in the system. The variety of different resources (and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Matthias Fitzi , Xuechao Wang , Sreeram Kannan , Aggelos Kiayias , Nikos Leonardos , Pramod Viswanath , Gerui Wang

The recent advent of various forms of Federated Knowledge Distillation (FD) paves the way for a new generation of robust and communication-efficient Federated Learning (FL), where mere soft-labels are aggregated, rather than whole gradients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Leon Witt , Usama Zafar , KuoYeh Shen , Felix Sattler , Dan Li , Wojciech Samek

Federated Learning harnesses data from multiple sources to build a single model. While the initial model might belong solely to the actor bringing it to the network for training, determining the ownership of the trained model resulting from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Harry Cai , Daniel Rueckert , Jonathan Passerat-Palmbach

Data privacy and silos are nontrivial and greatly challenging in many real-world applications. Federated learning is a decentralized approach to training models across multiple local clients without the exchange of raw data from client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Xin Yang , Hao Yu , Xin Gao , Hao Wang , Junbo Zhang , Tianrui Li

The metaverse, envisioned as the next digital frontier for avatar-based virtual interaction, involves high-performance models. In this dynamic environment, users' tasks frequently shift, requiring fast model personalization despite limited…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Emna Baccour , Aiman Erbad , Amr Mohamed , Mounir Hamdi , Mohsen Guizani

Designing an efficient difficulty control algorithm is an essential problem in Proof-of-Work (PoW) based blockchains because the network hash rate is randomly changing. This paper proposes a general difficulty control algorithm and provides…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Shulai Zhang , Xiaoli Ma

Since the traffic conditions change over time, machine learning models that predict traffic flows must be updated continuously and efficiently in smart public transportation. Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning scheme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Chenhao Xu , Youyang Qu , Tom H. Luan , Peter W. Eklund , Yong Xiang , Longxiang Gao

Blockchain protocols implement total-order broadcast in a permissionless setting, where processes can freely join and leave. In such a setting, to safeguard against Sybil attacks, correct processes rely on cryptographic proofs tied to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Sarah Azouvi , Christian Cachin , Duc V. Le , Marko Vukolic , Luca Zanolini

Federated Learning rests on the notion of training a global model distributedly on various devices. Under this setting, users' devices perform computations on their own data and then share the results with the cloud server to update the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Rui Hu , Yanmin Gong

This paper presents a study of the Poof-of-Stake (PoW) Ethereum consensus protocol, following the recent switch from Proof-of-Work (PoS) to Proof-of-Stake within Merge upgrade. The new protocol has resulted in reduced energy consumption and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Benjamin Kraner , Nicolò Vallarano , Claudio J. Tessone , Caspar Schwarz-Schilling

Proof-of-stake (PoS) is a promising approach for designing efficient blockchains, where block proposers are randomly chosen with probability proportional to their stake. A primary concern with PoS systems is the "rich getting richer"…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Giulia Fanti , Leonid Kogan , Sewoong Oh , Kathleen Ruan , Pramod Viswanath , Gerui Wang

Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MDRL) is a promising research area in which agents learn complex behaviors in cooperative or competitive environments. However, MDRL comes with several challenges that hinder its usability, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Ahmed Alagha , Jamal Bentahar , Hadi Otrok , Shakti Singh , Rabeb Mizouni

Federated continual learning (FCL) has garnered increasing attention for its ability to support distributed computation in environments with evolving data distributions. However, the emergence of new tasks introduces both temporal and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Danni Yang , Zhikang Chen , Sen Cui , Mengyue Yang , Ding Li , Abudukelimu Wuerkaixi , Haoxuan Li , Jinke Ren , Mingming Gong

Blockchain protocols differ in fundamental ways, including the mechanics of selecting users to produce blocks (e.g., proof-of-work vs. proof-of-stake) and the method to establish consensus (e.g., longest chain rules vs. Byzantine…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Andrew Lewis-Pye , Tim Roughgarden

In the field of energy Internet, blockchain-based distributed energy trading mode is a promising way to replace the traditional centralized trading mode. However, the current power blockchain platform based on public chain has problems such…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Lianghaojie Zhou , Youquan Xian , Yipeng Yang , Jianyong Jiang , Peng Liu , Xianxian Li