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As the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) evolves at an accelerated pace, the critical need to assess and monitor their performance emerges. We introduce a benchmarking framework focused on knowledge graph engineering (KGE) accompanied…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Lars-Peter Meyer , Johannes Frey , Kurt Junghanns , Felix Brei , Kirill Bulert , Sabine Gründer-Fahrer , Michael Martin

Large language models (LLMs) often need to balance their internal parametric knowledge with external information, such as user beliefs and content from retrieved documents, in real-world scenarios like RAG or chat-based systems. A model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Shuowei Li , Haoxin Li , Wenda Chu , Yi Fang

Large language models (LLMs) produce outputs with varying levels of uncertainty, and, just as often, varying levels of correctness; making their practical reliability far from guaranteed. To quantify this uncertainty, we systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Christian Hobelsberger , Theresa Winner , Andreas Nawroth , Oliver Mitevski , Anna-Carolina Haensch

As large language models (LLMs) often generate plausible but incorrect content, error detection has become increasingly critical to ensure truthfulness. However, existing detection methods often overlook a critical problem we term as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Hexiang Tan , Fei Sun , Sha Liu , Du Su , Qi Cao , Xin Chen , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Yuanzhuo Wang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed knowledge-intensive has led to its widespread usage by knowledge workers to enhance their productivity. As these professionals handle sensitive information, and the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Siying Hu , Piaohong Wang , Ka I Chan , Yaxing Yao , Zhicong Lu

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has led to marked progress in the field. One interesting direction for research is whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can be integrated with structured knowledge-based systems. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Wenli Yang , Lilian Some , Michael Bain , Byeong Kang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but face challenges from hallucinations, which typically arise from insufficient knowledge or context. While instructing LLMs to acknowledge knowledge limitations by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jiaqi Li , Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement is the global benchmark for transparent and high-quality reporting of randomized controlled trials. Manual verification of CONSORT adherence is a laborious, time-intensive process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhichao He , Mouxiao Bian , Jianhong Zhu , Jiayuan Chen , Yunqiu Wang , Wenxia Zhao , Tianbin Li , Bing Han , Jie Xu , Junyan Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are highly capable of answering questions, but they are often unaware of their own knowledge boundary, i.e., knowing what they know and what they don't know. As a result, they can generate factually incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Christopher Adrian Kusuma , Muhammad Reza Qorib , Hwee Tou Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) changed the way we design and interact with software systems. Their ability to process and extract information from text has drastically improved productivity in a number of routine tasks. Developers that want…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Federico Errica , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Roberto Bifulco

Large language models (LLMs) encode parametric knowledge about world facts and have shown remarkable performance in knowledge-driven NLP tasks. However, their reliance on parametric knowledge may cause them to overlook contextual cues,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wenxuan Zhou , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Evaluating consistency in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring reliability, particularly in complex, multi-step interactions between humans and LLMs. Traditional self-consistency methods often miss subtle semantic changes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Zhaochen Hong , Haofei Yu , Jiaxuan You

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized numerous applications, making them an integral part of our digital ecosystem. However, their reliability becomes critical, especially when these models are exposed to misinformation. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Alina Fastowski , Gjergji Kasneci

Large Language Models (LLMs) are extensively used today across various sectors, including academia, research, business, and finance, for tasks such as text generation, summarization, and translation. Despite their widespread adoption, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yash Saxena , Sarthak Chopra , Arunendra Mani Tripathi

Previous studies have relied on existing question-answering benchmarks to evaluate the knowledge stored in large language models (LLMs). However, this approach has limitations regarding factual knowledge coverage, as it mostly focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Linhao Luo , Thuy-Trang Vu , Dinh Phung , Gholamreza Haffari

Generative AI (Gen AI) with large language models (LLMs) are being widely adopted across the industry, academia and government. Cybersecurity is one of the key sectors where LLMs can be and/or are already being used. There are a number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Aditya Patwardhan , Vivek Vaidya , Ashish Kundu

This study investigates the reliability and validity of five advanced Large Language Models (LLMs), Claude 3.5, DeepSeek v2, Gemini 2.5, GPT-4, and Mistral 24B, for automated essay scoring in a real world higher education context. A total…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Andrea Gaggioli , Giuseppe Casaburi , Leonardo Ercolani , Francesco Collova' , Pietro Torre , Fabrizio Davide

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) are effective in performing various NLP tasks, they still struggle to handle tasks that require extensive, real-world knowledge, especially when dealing with long-tail facts (facts related to long-tail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Wenyu Huang , Guancheng Zhou , Mirella Lapata , Pavlos Vougiouklis , Sebastien Montella , Jeff Z. Pan

Recent works integrating Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have shown promising improvements in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on closed-ended tasks, leaving a gap in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Zifeng Ding , Bryan Hooi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to hallucinate, whereby they generate plausible but inaccurate text. This phenomenon poses significant risks in critical applications, such as medicine or law, necessitating robust hallucination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Benedict Aaron Tjandra , Muhammed Razzak , Jannik Kossen , Kunal Handa , Yarin Gal
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