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The linear polarisation fraction and angle of the hard X-ray emission from the Crab provide unique insight into high energy radiation mechanisms, complementing the usual imaging, timing and spectroscopic approaches. Results have recently…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-03-14 M. Chauvin , H. -G. Florén , M. Friis , M. Jackson , T. Kamae , J. Kataoka , T. Kawano , M. Kiss , V. Mikhalev , T. Mizuno , H. Tajima , H. Takahashi , N. Uchida , M. Pearce

Recent observations of the polarisation of the optical pulses from the Crab pulsar motivated detailed comparative studies of the emission predicted by the polar cap, the outer gap and the two-pole caustics models. In this work, we study the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 J. Petri , J. Kirk

We present the results from the Hitomi Soft Gamma-ray Detector (SGD) observation of the Crab nebula. The main part of SGD is a Compton camera, which in addition to being a spectrometer, is capable of measuring polarization of gamma-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-11-28 Hitomi Collaboration , Felix Aharonian , Hiroki Akamatsu , Fumie Akimoto , Steven W. Allen , Lorella Angelini , Marc Audard , Hisamitsu Awaki , Magnus Axelsson , Aya Bamba , Marshall W. Bautz , Roger Blandford , Laura W. Brenneman , Gregory V. Brown , Esra Bulbul , Edward M. Cackett , Maria Chernyakova , Meng P. Chiao , Paolo S. Coppi , Elisa Costantini , Jelle de Plaa , Cor P. de Vries , Jan-Willem den Herder , Chris Done , Tadayasu Dotani , Ken Ebisawa , Megan E. Eckart , Teruaki Enoto , Yuichiro Ezoe , Andrew C. Fabian , Carlo Ferrigno , Adam R. Foster , Ryuichi Fujimoto , Yasushi Fukazawa , Akihiro Furuzawa , Massimiliano Galeazzi , Luigi C. Gallo , Poshak Gandhi , Margherita Giustini , Andrea Goldwurm , Liyi Gu , Matteo Guainazzi , Yoshito Haba , Kouichi Hagino , Kenji Hamaguchi , Ilana M. Harrus , Isamu Hatsukade , Katsuhiro Hayashi , Takayuki Hayashi , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Junko S. Hiraga , Ann Hornschemeier , Akio Hoshino , John P. Hughes , Yuto Ichinohe , Ryo Iizuka , Hajime Inoue , Yoshiyuki Inoue , Manabu Ishida , Kumi Ishikawa , Yoshitaka Ishisaki , Masachika Iwai , Jelle Kaastra , Tim Kallman , Tsuneyoshi Kamae , Jun Kataoka , Satoru Katsuda , Nobuyuki Kawai , Richard L. Kelley , Caroline A. Kilbourne , Takao Kitaguchi , Shunji Kitamoto , Tetsu Kitayama , Takayoshi Kohmura , Motohide Kokubun , Katsuji Koyama , Shu Koyama , Peter Kretschmar , Hans A. Krimm , Aya Kubota , Hideyo Kunieda , Philippe Laurent , Shiu-Hang Lee , Maurice A. Leutenegger , Olivier Limousin , Michael Loewenstein , Knox S. Long , David Lumb , Greg Madejski , Yoshitomo Maeda , Daniel Maier , Kazuo Makishima , Maxim Markevitch , Hironori Matsumoto , Kyoko Matsushita , Dan McCammon , Brian R. McNamara , Missagh Mehdipour , Eric D. Miller , Jon M. Miller , Shin Mineshige , Kazuhisa Mitsuda , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Takuya Miyazawa , Tsunefumi Mizuno , Hideyuki Mori , Koji Mori , Koji Mukai , Hiroshi Murakami , Richard F. Mushotzky , Takao Nakagawa , Hiroshi Nakajima , Takeshi Nakamori , Shinya Nakashima , Kazuhiro Nakazawa , Kumiko K. Nobukawa , Masayoshi Nobukawa , Hirofumi Noda , Hirokazu Odaka , Takaya Ohashi , Masanori Ohno , Takashi Okajima , Naomi Ota , Masanobu Ozaki , Frits Paerels , Stephane Paltani , Robert Petre , Ciro Pinto , Frederick S. Porter , Katja Pottschmidt , Christopher S. Reynolds , Samar Safi-Harb , Shinya Saito , Kazuhiro Sakai , Toru Sasaki , Goro Sato , Kosuke Sato , Rie Sato , Makoto Sawada , Norbert Schartel , Peter J. Serlemtsos , Hiromi Seta , Megumi Shidatsu , Aurora Simionescu , Randall K. Smith , Yang Soong , Lukasz Stawarz , Yasuharu Sugawara , Satoshi Sugita , Andrew Szymkowiak , Hiroyasu Tajima , Hiromitsu Takahashi , Tadayuki Takahashi , Shin'ichiro Takeda , Yoh Takei , Toru Tamagawa , Takayuki Tamura , Takaaki Tanaka , Yasuo Tanaka , Yasuyuki T. Tanaka , Makoto S. Tashiro , Yuzuru Tawara , Yukikatsu Terada , Yuichi Terashima , Francesco Tombesi , Hiroshi Tomida , Yohko Tsuboi , Masahiro Tsujimoto , Hiroshi Tsunemi , Takeshi Go Tsuru , Hiroyuki Uchida , Hideki Uchiyama , Yasunobu Uchiyama , Shutaro Ueda , Yoshihiro Ueda , Shin'ichiro Uno , C. Megan Urry , Eugenio Ursino , Shin Watanabe , Norbert Werner , Dan R. Wilkins , Brian J. Williams , Shinya Yamada , Hiroya Yamaguchi , Kazutaka Yamaoka , Noriko Y. Yamasaki , Makoto Yamauchi , Shigeo Yamauchi , Tahir Yaqoob , Yoichi Yatsu , Daisuke Yonetoku , Irina Zhuravleva , Abderahmen Zoghbi , Yuusuke Uchida

We conducted a polarimetry campaign from radio to X-ray wavelengths of the high-synchrotron-peak (HSP) blazar Mrk 421, including Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) measurements on 2022 December 6-8. We detected X-ray polarization of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-01-10 Dawoon E. Kim , Laura Di Gesu , Ioannis Liodakis , Alan P. Marscher , Svetlana G. Jorstad , Riccardo Midde , Herman L. Marshall , Luigi Pacciani , Iván Agudo , Fabrizio Tavecchio , Nicolò Cibrario , Stefano Tugliani , Raffaella Bonino , Michela Negro , Simonetta Puccetti , Francesco Tombesi , Enrico Costa , Immacolata Donnarumma , Paolo Soffitta , Tsunefumi Mizuno , Yasushi Fukazawa , Koji S. Kawabata , Tatsuya Nakaoka , Makoto Uemura , Ryo Imazawa , Mahito Sasada , Hiroshi Akitaya , Francisco Josè Aceituno , Giacomo Bonnoli , Vìctor Casanova , Ioannis Myserlis , Albrecht Sievers , Emmanouil Angelakis , Alexander Kraus , Whee Yeon Cheong , Hyeon-Woo Jeong , Sincheol Kang , Sang-Hyun Kim , Sang-Sung Lee , Beatriz Agìs-Gonzàlez , Alfredo Sota , Juan Escudero , Mark Gurwell , Garrett K. Keating , Ramprasad Rao , Pouya M. Kouch , Elina Lindfors , Ioakeim G. Bourbah , Sebastian Kiehlmann , Evangelos Kontopodis , Nikos Mandarakas , Stylianos Romanopoulos , Raphael Skalidis , Anna Vervelaki , Sergey S. Savchenko , Lucio A. Antonelli , Matteo Bachetti , Luca Baldini , Wayne H. Baumgartner , Ronaldo Bellazzini , Stefano Bianchi , Stephen D. Bongiorno , Alessandro Brez , Niccolò Bucciantini , Fiamma Capitanio , Simone Castellano , Elisabetta Cavazzuti , Chien-Ting Chen , Stefano Ciprini , Alessandra De Rosa , Ettore Del Monte , Niccolò Di Lalla , Alessandro Di Marco , Victor Doroshenko , Michal Dovčiak , Steven R. Ehlert , Teruaki Enoto , Yuri Evangelista , Sergio Fabiani , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Javier A. Garcia , Shuichi Gunji , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Jeremy Heyl , Wataru Iwakiri , Philip Kaaret , Vladimir Karas , Fabian Kislat , Takao Kitaguchi , Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak , Henric Krawczynski , Fabio La Monaca , Luca Latronico , Simone Maldera , Alberto Manfreda , Frédéric Marin , Andrea Marinucci , Francesco Massaro , Giorgio Matt , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Fabio Muleri , C. -Y. Ng , Stephen L. O'Dell , Nicola Omodei , Chiara Oppedisano , Alessandro Papitto , George G. Pavlov , Abel L. Peirson , Matteo Perri , Melissa Pesce-Rollins , Pierre-Olivier Petrucci , Maura Pilia , Andrea Possenti , Juri Poutanen , Brian D. Ramsey , John Rankin , Ajay Ratheesh , Oliver Roberts , Roger W. Romani , Carmelo Sgrò , Patrick Slane , Gloria Spandre , Doug Swartz , Toru Tamagawa , Roberto Taverna , Yuzuru Tawara , Allyn F. Tennant , Nicholas E. Thomas , Alessio Trois , Sergey S. Tsygankov , Roberto Turolla , Jacco Vink , Martin C. Weisskopf , Kinwah Wu , Fei Xie , Silvia Zane

In this paper, we present a full spatially resolved polarization map for the Vela Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) observed by IXPE. By employing effective background discrimination techniques, our results show a remarkably high degree of local…

We report on a $\sim 5\sigma$ detection of polarized 3-6 keV X-ray emission from the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The overall polarization degree of $1.8 \pm 0.3$% is detected by summing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-10-26 Jacco Vink , Dmitry Prokhorov , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Patrick Slane , Ping Zhou , Kazunori Asakura , Luca Baldini , Niccolo Bucciantini , Enrico Costa , Alessandro Di Marco , Jeremy Heyl , Frederic Marin , Tsunefumi Mizuno , C. Y. Ng , Melissa Pesce-Rollins , Brian D. Ramsey , John Rankin , Ajay Ratheesh , Carmelo Sgro , Paolo Soffitta , Douglas A. Swartz , Toru Tamagawa , Martin C. Weisskopf , Yi-Jung Yang , Ronaldo Bellazzini , Raffaella Bonino , Elisabetta Cavazzuti , Luigi Costamante , Niccolo Di Lalla , Luca Latronico , Simone Maldera , Alberto Manfreda , Francesco Massaro , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Nicola Omodei , Chiara Oppedisano , Silvia Zane , Ivan Agudo , Lucio A. Antonelli , Matteo Bachetti , Wayne H. Baumgartner , Stefano Bianchi , Stephen D. Bongiorno , Alessandro Brez , Fiamma Capitanio , Simone Castellano , Stefano Ciprini , Alessandra De Rosa , Ettore Del Monte , Laura Di Gesu , Immacolata Donnarumma , Victor Doroshenko , Michal Dovciak , Steven R. Ehlert , Teruaki Enoto , Yuri Evangelista , Sergio Fabiani , Javier A. Garcia , Shuichi Gunji , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Wataru Iwakiri , Svetlana G. Jorstad , Vladimir Karas , Takao Kitaguchi , Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak , Henric Krawczynski , Fabio La Monaca , Ioannis Liodakis , Andrea Marinucci , Alan P. Marscher , Herman L. Marshall , Giorgio Matt , Fabio Muleri , Stephen L. O'Dell , Alessandro Papitto , George G. Pavlov , Abel L. Peirson , Matteo Perri , Maura Pilia , Andrea Possenti , Juri Poutanen , Simonetta Puccetti , Roger W. Romani , Gloria Spandre , Fabrizio Tavecchio , Roberto Taverna , Yuzuru Tawara , Allyn F. Tennant , Nicolas E. Thomas , Francesco Tombesi , Alessio Trois , Sergey Tsygankov , Roberto Turolla , Kinwah Wu , Fei Xie

We investigate polarization of high-energy emissions from the Crab pulsar in the frame work of the outer gap accelerator, following previous works of Cheng and coworkers. The recent version of the outer gap, which extends from inside the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 J. Takata , H. -K. Chang , K. S. Cheng

The Crab Nebula and the Pulsar have been pointed several times by the BeppoSAX satellite. We analysed all these observations, summed together, to study the main spectral properties with a good phase resolution. A new accurate estimate of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Massaro , G. Cusumano , M. Litterio , T. Mineo

We describe IXPE polarization observations of the Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) MSH15-52, the `Cosmic Hand'. We find X-ray polarization across the PWN, with B field vectors generally aligned with filamentary X-ray structures. High significance…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-09-29 Roger W. Romani , Josephine Wong , Niccolo Di Lalla , Nicola Omodei , Fei Xie , C. -Y. Ng , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Alessandro Di Marco , Niccolo Bucciantini , Maura Pilia , Patrick Slane , Martin C. Weisskopf , Simon Johnston , Marta Burgay , Deng Wei , Yi-Jung Yang , Shumeng Zhang , Lucio A. Antonelli , Matteo Bachetti , Luca Baldini , Wayne H. Baumgartner , Ronaldo Bellazzini , Stefano Bianchi , Stephen D. Bongiorno , Raffaella Bonino , Alessandro Brez , Fiamma Capitanio , Simone Castellano , Elisabetta Cavazzuti , Chien-Ting Chen , Nicolo Cibrario , Stefano Ciprini , Enrico Costa , Alessandra De Rosa , Ettore Del Monte , Laura Di Gesu , Immacolata Donnarumma , Victor Doroshenko , Michal Dovčiak , Steven R. Ehlert , Teruaki Enoto , Yuri Evangelista , Sergio Fabiani , Javier A. Garcia , Shuichi Gunji , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Jeremy Heyl , Wataru Iwakiri , Ioannis Liodakis , Philip Kaaret , Vladimir Karas , Dawoon E. Kim , Takao Kitaguchi , Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak , Henric Krawczynski , Fabio La Monaca , Luca Latronico , Grzegorz Madejski , Simone Maldera , Alberto Manfreda , Frederic Marin , Andrea Marinucci , Alan P. Marscher , Herman L. Marshall , Francesco Massaro , Giorgio Matt , Riccardo Middei , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Tsunefumi Mizuno , Fabio Muleri , Michela Negro , Stephen L. O'Dell , Chiara Oppedisano , Luigi Pacciani , Alessandro Papitto , George G. Pavlov , Matteo Perri , Melissa Pesce-Rollins , Pierre-Olivier Petrucci , Andrea Possenti , Juri Poutanen , Simonetta Puccetti , Brian D. Ramsey , John Rankin , Ajay Ratheesh , Oliver J. Roberts , Carmelo Sgro , Paolo Soffitta , Gloria Spandre , Douglas A. Swartz , Toru Tamagawa , Fabrizio Tavecchio , Roberto Taverna , Yuzuru Tawara , Allyn F. Tennant , Allyn F. Tennant , Francesco Tombesi , Alessio Trois , Sergey Tsygankov , Roberto Turolla , Jacco Vink , Kinwah Wu , Silvia Zane

In this paper we first provide a brief history of the handful of X-ray polarization measurements that have been accomplished to date. We then outline new technological developments that indicate more detailed polarization measurements in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2009-08-19 Martin C. Weisskopf

I review the constraints placed on relativistic pulsar winds by comparing optical and X-ray images of the inner Crab Nebula on the one hand with two-dimensional MHD simulations on the other. The various proposals in the literature for…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 J. G. Kirk

We have searched the region surrounding the Crab Nebula for the existence of a shock wave with the imaging instruments of the Einstein Observatory. The search is complicated by the scattering of nebula and pulsar X-rays from the imperfectly…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 C. W. Mauche , P. Gorenstein

The quest for primordial gravitational waves enclosed in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization B-modes signal motivates the development of a new generation of high sensitive experiments (e.g. CMB-S4, LiteBIRD) that would allow…

Recent observations of the Crab Nebula (Rudy et al 2015) have maintained its reputation for high energy astrophysical enlightenment and its use as a testbed for theories of the behaviour of magnetized, relativistic plasma. In particular,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-10-20 Yajie Yuan , Roger Blandford

In `spider' pulsars, the X-ray band is dominated by Intrabinary Shock (IBS) synchrotron emission. While the double-peaked X-ray light curves from these shocks have been well characterized in several spider systems (both black widows and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-11-08 Andrew G. Sullivan , Roger W. Romani

The recent observations of the anomalous X-ray pulsars 4U 0142+61 and 1RXS J170849.0-400910 by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) opened up a new avenue to study magnetars, neutron stars endowed with superstrong magnetic fields…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-05-24 Dong Lai

We report the X-ray polarization properties of the high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) blazar PKS 2155$-$304 based on observations with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). We observed the source between Oct 27 and Nov 7, 2023. We also…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-11 Pouya M. Kouch , Ioannis Liodakis , Riccardo Middei , Dawoon E. Kim , Fabrizio Tavecchio , Alan P. Marscher , Herman L. Marshall , Steven R. Ehlert , Laura Di Gesu , Svetlana G. Jorstad , Iván Agudo , Grzegorz M. Madejski , Roger W. Romani , Manel Errando , Elina Lindfors , Kari Nilsson , Ella Toppari , Stephen B. Potter , Ryo Imazawa , Mahito Sasada , Yasushi Fukazawa , Koji S. Kawabata , Makoto Uemura , Tsunefumi Mizuno , Tatsuya Nakaoka , Hiroshi Akitaya , Callum McCall , Helen E. Jermak , Iain A. Steele , Ioannis Myserlis , Mark Gurwell , Garrett K. Keating , Ramprasad Rao , Sincheol Kang , Sang-Sung Lee , Sang-Hyun Kim , Whee Yeon Cheong , Hyeon-Woo Jeong , Emmanouil Angelakis , Alexander Kraus , Francisco José Aceituno , Giacomo Bonnoli , Víctor Casanova , Juan Escudero , Beatriz Agís-González , César Husillos , Daniel Morcuende , Jorge Otero-Santos , Alfredo Sota , Rumen Bachev , Lucio Angelo Antonelli , Matteo Bachetti , Luca Baldini , Wayne H. Baumgartner , Ronaldo Bellazzini , Stefano Bianchi , Stephen D. Bongiorno , Raffaella Bonino , Alessandro Brez , Niccolò Bucciantini , Fiamma Capitanio , Simone Castellano , Elisabetta Cavazzuti , Chien-Ting Chen , Stefano Ciprini , Enrico Costa , Alessandra De Rosa , Ettore Del Monte , Niccolò Di Lalla , Alessandro Di Marco , Immacolata Donnarumma , Victor Doroshenko , Michal Dovčiak , Teruaki Enoto , Yuri Evangelista , Sergio Fabiani , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Javier A. Garcia , Shuichi Gunji , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Jeremy Heyl , Wataru Iwakiri , Philip Kaaret , Vladimir Karas , Fabian Kislat , Takao Kitaguchi , Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak , Henric Krawczynski , Fabio La Monaca , Luca Latronico , Simone Maldera , Alberto Manfreda , Frédéric Marin , Andrea Marinucci , Francesco Massaro , Giorgio Matt , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Fabio Muleri , Michela Negro , C. -Y. Ng , Stephen L. O'Dell , Nicola Omodei , Chiara Oppedisano , Alessandro Papitto , George G. Pavlov , Abel Lawrence Peirson , Matteo Perri , Melissa Pesce-Rollins , Pierre-Olivier Petrucci , Maura Pilia , Andrea Possenti , Juri Poutanen , Simonetta Puccetti , Brian D. Ramsey , John Rankin , Ajay Ratheesh , Oliver J. Roberts , Carmelo Sgrò , Patrick Slane , Paolo Soffitta , Gloria Spandre , Douglas A. Swartz , Toru Tamagawa , Roberto Taverna , Yuzuru Tawara , Allyn F. Tennant , Nicholas E. Thomas , Francesco Tombesi , Alessio Trois , Sergey S. Tsygankov , Roberto Turolla , Jacco Vink , Martin C. Weisskopf , Kinwah Wu , Fei Xie , Silvia Zane

The polarization of X-ray synchrotron emission in blazars directly probes the magnetic field geometry and particle acceleration processes in relativistic jets. We use particle-in-cell simulations of magnetic reconnection and magnetized…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-25 Benjamin de Jonge , Haocheng Zhang , Manel Errando , Andrea Gokus , Pazit Rabinowitz

We report on the discovery of polarized X-ray emission from an accreting millisecond pulsar. During a 10-day-long coverage of the February 2024 outburst of SRGA J144459.2-604207, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) detected an…

Accreting X-ray pulsars (XRPs) are presumably ideal targets for polarization measurements, as their high magnetic field strength is expected to polarize the emission up to a polarization degree of ~80%. However, such expectations are being…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-12 Christian Malacaria , Jeremy Heyl , Victor Doroshenko , Sergey S. Tsygankov , Juri Poutanen , Sofia V. Forsblom , Fiamma Capitanio , Alessandro Di Marco , Yujia Du , Lorenzo Ducci , Fabio La Monaca , Alexander A. Lutovinov , Herman L. Marshall , Ilya A. Mereminskiy , Sergey V. Molkov , Mason Ng , Pierre-Olivier Petrucci , Andrea Santangelo , Andrey E. Shtykovsky , Valery F. Suleimanov , Ivan Agudo , Lucio A. Antonelli , Matteo Bachetti , Luca Baldini , Wayne H. Baumgartner , Ronaldo Bellazzini , Stefano Bianchi , Stephen D. Bongiorno , Raffaella Bonino , Alessandro Brez , Niccolo Bucciantini , Simone Castellano , Elisabetta Cavazzuti , Chien-Ting Chen , Stefano Ciprini , Enrico Costa , Alessandra De Rosa , Ettore Del Monte , Laura Di Gesu , Niccolo Di Lalla , Immacolata Donnarumma , Michal Dovciak , Steven R. Ehlert , Teruaki Enoto , Yuri Evangelista , Sergio Fabiani , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Javier A. Garcia , Shuichi Gunji , Kiyoshi Hayashida , Wataru Iwakiri , Svetlana G. Jorstad , Philip Kaaret , Vladimir Karas , Fabian Kislat , Takao Kitaguchi , Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak1 , Henric Krawczynski , Luca Latronico , Ioannis Liodakis , Simone Maldera , Alberto Manfreda , Frederic Marin , Andrea Marinucci , Alan P. Marscher , Francesco Massaro , Giorgio Matt , Ikuyuki Mitsuishi , Tsunefumi Mizuno , Fabio Muleri , Michela Negro , Chi-Yung Ng , Stephen L. O'Dell , Nicola Omodei , Chiara Oppedisano , Alessandro Papitto , George G. Pavlov , Abel L. Peirson , Matteo Perri , Melissa Pesce-Rollins , Maura Pilia , Andrea Possenti , Simonetta Puccetti , Brian D. Ramsey , John Rankin , Ajay Ratheesh , Oliver J. Roberts , Roger W. Romani , Carmelo Sgro , Patrick Slane , Paolo Soffitta , Gloria Spandre , Douglas A. Swartz , Toru Tamagawa , Fabrizio Tavecchio , Roberto Taverna , Yuzuru Tawara , Allyn F. Tennant , Nicholas E. Thomas , Francesco Tombesi , Alessio Trois , Roberto Turolla , Jacco Vink , Martin C. Weisskopf , Kinwah Wu , Fei Xie , Silvia Zane