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The vast majority of successful deep neural networks are trained using variants of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms. Recent attempts to improve SGD can be broadly categorized into two approaches: (1) adaptive learning rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Michael R. Zhang , James Lucas , Geoffrey Hinton , Jimmy Ba

Adam-type optimizers, as a class of adaptive moment estimation methods with the exponential moving average scheme, have been successfully used in many applications of deep learning. Such methods are appealing due to the capability on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Bingxin Zhou , Xuebin Zheng , Junbin Gao

We study convergence rates of AdaGrad-Norm as an exemplar of adaptive stochastic gradient methods (SGD), where the step sizes change based on observed stochastic gradients, for minimizing non-convex, smooth objectives. Despite their…

Since its invention in 2014, the Adam optimizer has received tremendous attention. On one hand, it has been widely used in deep learning and many variants have been proposed, while on the other hand their theoretical convergence property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Zhishuai Guo , Yi Xu , Wotao Yin , Rong Jin , Tianbao Yang

Adaptive gradient methods such as AdaGrad and its variants update the stepsize in stochastic gradient descent on the fly according to the gradients received along the way; such methods have gained widespread use in large-scale optimization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-20 Rachel Ward , Xiaoxia Wu , Leon Bottou

We study the linear convergence rates of the proximal gradient method for composite functions satisfying two classes of Polyak-{\L}ojasiewicz (PL) inequality: the PL inequality, the variant of PL inequality defined by the proximal map-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Qingyuan Kong , Rujun Jiang , Yihan He

Current state-of-the-art optimizers are adaptive gradient-based optimization methods such as Adam. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in formulating gradient-based optimizers in a probabilistic framework for better modeling the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Haotian Chen , Anna Kuzina , Babak Esmaeili , Jakub M Tomczak

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods are nowadays the method of choice for the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) in artificial intelligence systems. In practically relevant training problems, usually not the plain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-01 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen

Stochastic methods with coordinate-wise adaptive stepsize (such as RMSprop and Adam) have been widely used in training deep neural networks. Despite their fast convergence, they can generalize worse than stochastic gradient descent. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Shuai Zheng , James T. Kwok

Modern adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam and its variants, have emerged as the most widely used tools in deep learning over recent years. These algorithms offer automatic mechanisms for dynamically adjusting the update step based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Son Nguyen , Bo Liu , Lizhang Chen , Qiang Liu

Adaptive optimization methods have been widely used in deep learning. They scale the learning rates adaptively according to the past gradient, which has been shown to be effective to accelerate the convergence. However, they suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hongwei Zhang , Weidong Zou , Hongbo Zhao , Qi Ming , Tijin Yan , Yuanqing Xia , Weipeng Cao

In this paper, we revisit stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with AdaGrad-type preconditioning. Our contributions are twofold. First, we develop a unified convergence analysis of SGD with adaptive preconditioning under anisotropic or matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Dmitry Kovalev

Adaptive gradient-based optimization methods such as \textsc{Adagrad}, \textsc{Rmsprop}, and \textsc{Adam} are widely used in solving large-scale machine learning problems including deep learning. A number of schemes have been proposed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Parvin Nazari , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

The Adam optimization method has achieved remarkable success in addressing contemporary challenges in stochastic optimization. This method falls within the realm of adaptive sub-gradient techniques, yet the underlying geometric principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chinedu Eleh , Masuzyo Mwanza , Ekene Aguegboh , Hans-Werner van Wyk

Most prior work on the convergence of gradient descent (GD) for overparameterized neural networks relies on strong assumptions on the step size (infinitesimal), the hidden-layer width (infinite), or the initialization (large, spectral,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Ziqing Xu , Hancheng Min , Salma Tarmoun , Enrique Mallada , Rene Vidal

This paper focuses on the online gradient and proximal-gradient methods with stochastic gradient errors. In particular, we examine the performance of the online gradient descent method when the cost satisfies the Polyak-\L ojasiewicz (PL)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-16 Seunghyun Kim , Liam Madden , Emiliano Dall'Anese

Adaptive optimization methods (such as Adam) play a major role in LLM pretraining, significantly outperforming Gradient Descent (GD). Recent studies have proposed new smoothness assumptions on the loss function to explain the advantages of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Robin Yadav , Shuo Xie , Tianhao Wang , Zhiyuan Li

Vanilla gradient methods are often highly sensitive to the choice of stepsize, which typically requires manual tuning. Adaptive methods alleviate this issue and have therefore become widely used. Among them, AdaGrad has been particularly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-16 Matia Bojovic , Saverio Salzo , Massimiliano Pontil

Polyak-{\L}ojasiewicz (PL) [Polyak, 1963] condition is a weaker condition than the strong convexity but suffices to ensure a global convergence for the Gradient Descent algorithm. In this paper, we study the lower bound of algorithms using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-03 Pengyun Yue , Cong Fang , Zhouchen Lin

Gradient descent is slow to converge for ill-conditioned problems and non-convex problems. An important technique for acceleration is step-size adaptation. The first part of this paper contains a detailed review of step-size adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Hengshuai Yao