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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in human-centered tasks, assessing their psychological traits is crucial for understanding their social impact and ensuring trustworthy AI alignment. While existing reviews have covered…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Wenhan Dong , Yuemeng Zhao , Zhen Sun , Yule Liu , Zifan Peng , Jingyi Zheng , Zongmin Zhang , Ziyi Zhang , Jun Wu , Ruiming Wang , Shengmin Xu , Xinyi Huang , Xinlei He

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being introduced in workplace settings, with the goals of improving efficiency and fairness. However, concerns have arisen regarding these models' potential to reflect or exacerbate social…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Lena Armstrong , Abbey Liu , Stephen MacNeil , Danaë Metaxa

Large language models (LLMs) have strong capabilities in solving diverse natural language processing tasks. However, the safety and security issues of LLM systems have become the major obstacle to their widespread application. Many studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Tianyu Cui , Yanling Wang , Chuanpu Fu , Yong Xiao , Sijia Li , Xinhao Deng , Yunpeng Liu , Qinglin Zhang , Ziyi Qiu , Peiyang Li , Zhixing Tan , Junwu Xiong , Xinyu Kong , Zujie Wen , Ke Xu , Qi Li

The rapid deployment of generative language models (LMs) has raised concerns about social biases affecting the well-being of diverse consumers. The extant literature on generative LMs has primarily examined bias via explicit identity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Evan Shieh , Faye-Marie Vassel , Cassidy Sugimoto , Thema Monroe-White

While large language models (LLMs) present significant potential for supporting numerous real-world applications and delivering positive social impacts, they still face significant challenges in terms of the inherent risk of privacy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Huandong Wang , Wenjie Fu , Yingzhou Tang , Zhilong Chen , Yuxi Huang , Jinghua Piao , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Tao Jiang , Yong Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel in many diverse applications beyond language generation, e.g., translation, summarization, and sentiment analysis. One intriguing application is in text classification. This becomes pertinent in the realm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Tharindu Kumarage , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Joshua Garland

Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of the current successes of artificial intelligence (AI), however, they are unavoidably biased. To effectively communicate the risks and encourage mitigation efforts these models need adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Carolin M. Schuster , Maria-Alexandra Dinisor , Shashwat Ghatiwala , Georg Groh

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to propagate and amplify harmful stereotypes, particularly those that disproportionately affect marginalised communities. To understand the effect of these stereotypes more comprehensively, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zara Siddique , Liam D. Turner , Luis Espinosa-Anke

Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly become pivotal in content generation with notable societal impact. These models hold the potential to generate content that could be deemed harmful.Efforts to mitigate this risk include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kexin Chen , Yi Liu , Dongxia Wang , Jiaying Chen , Wenhai Wang

With the increasing role of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in various applications, challenges concerning bias and stereotype perpetuation are accentuated, which often leads to hate speech and harm. Despite existing studies on sexism and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Mae Sosto , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

The widespread of generative artificial intelligence has heightened concerns about the potential harms posed by AI-generated texts, primarily stemming from factoid, unfair, and toxic content. Previous researchers have invested much effort…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Shiyao Cui , Zhenyu Zhang , Yilong Chen , Wenyuan Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Siqi Wang , Tingwen Liu

This paper comprehensively explores the ethical challenges arising from security threats to Large Language Models (LLMs). These intricate digital repositories are increasingly integrated into our daily lives, making them prime targets for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Ashutosh Kumar , Shiv Vignesh Murthy , Sagarika Singh , Swathy Ragupathy

Recent studies show that Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies propagate societal biases about demographic groups associated with attributes such as gender, race, and nationality. To create interventions and mitigate these biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Sunipa Dev , Emily Sheng , Jieyu Zhao , Aubrie Amstutz , Jiao Sun , Yu Hou , Mattie Sanseverino , Jiin Kim , Akihiro Nishi , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Large-scale web-scraped text corpora used to train general-purpose AI models often contain harmful demographic-targeted social biases, creating a regulatory need for data auditing and developing scalable bias-detection methods. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ayan Majumdar , Feihao Chen , Jinghui Li , Xiaozhen Wang

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created new disruptive possibilities for persuasive communication, enabling fully-automated, personalized, and interactive content generation at an unprecedented scale. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Sander Noels , Alexander Rogiers , Maarten Buyl , Tijl De Bie

Large language models (LLMs) and dialogue agents represent a significant shift in artificial intelligence (AI) research, particularly with the recent release of the GPT family of models. ChatGPT's generative capabilities and versatility…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Skyler Wang , Ned Cooper , Margaret Eby

As large language models (LLMs) become an important way of information access, there have been increasing concerns that LLMs may intensify the spread of unethical content, including implicit bias that hurts certain populations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yuchen Wen , Keping Bi , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming pervasive in everyday life, yet their propensity to reproduce biases inherited from training data remains a pressing concern. Prior investigations into bias in LLMs have focused on the association…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Messi H. J. Lee , Jacob M. Montgomery , Calvin K. Lai

The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a large variety of domains has sparked worries about how easily they can perpetuate stereotypes and contribute to the generation of biased content. With a focus on gender and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Gioele Giachino , Marco Rondina , Antonio Vetrò , Riccardo Coppola , Juan Carlos De Martin

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to their extensive global deployment, and ensuring their safety calls for comprehensive and multilingual toxicity evaluations. However, existing toxicity benchmarks are overwhelmingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Devansh Jain , Priyanshu Kumar , Samuel Gehman , Xuhui Zhou , Thomas Hartvigsen , Maarten Sap