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Attention mechanism plays a dominant role in the sequence generation models and has been used to improve the performance of machine translation and abstractive text summarization. Different from neural machine translation, in the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Piji Li , Lidong Bing , Zhongyu Wei , Wai Lam

In this paper, we describe a system to rank suspected answers to natural language questions. We process both corpus and query using a new technique, predictive annotation, which augments phrases in texts with labels anticipating their being…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Dragomir R. Radev , John Prager , Valerie Samn

The comparison of alternative rankings of a set of items is a general and prominent task in applied statistics. Predictor variables are ranked according to magnitude of association with an outcome, prediction models rank subjects according…

In essence, embedding algorithms work by optimizing the distance between a word and its usual context in order to generate an embedding space that encodes the distributional representation of words. In addition to single words or word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Andres Garcia-Silva , Ronald Denaux , Jose Manuel Gomez-Perez

High-quality data annotation is an essential but laborious and costly aspect of developing machine learning-based software. We explore the inherent tradeoff between annotation accuracy and cost by detecting and removing minority reports --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hsuan Wei Liao , Christopher Klugmann , Daniel Kondermann , Rafid Mahmood

End-to-end automatic speech recognition systems often fail to transcribe domain-specific named entities, causing catastrophic failures in downstream tasks. Numerous fast and lightweight named entity correction (NEC) models have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuanchang Luo , Daimeng Wei , Shaojun Li , Hengchao Shang , Jiaxin Guo , Zongyao Li , Zhanglin Wu , Xiaoyu Chen , Zhiqiang Rao , Jinlong Yang , Hao Yang

Recent years the task of incomplete utterance rewriting has raised a large attention. Previous works usually shape it as a machine translation task and employ sequence to sequence based architecture with copy mechanism. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Qian Liu , Bei Chen , Jian-Guang Lou , Bin Zhou , Dongmei Zhang

Manual annotations are a prerequisite for many applications of machine learning. However, weaknesses in the annotation process itself are easy to overlook. In particular, scholars often choose what information to give to annotators without…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Kenneth Joseph , Lisa Friedland , William Hobbs , Oren Tsur , David Lazer

We commonly use agreement measures to assess the utility of judgements made by human annotators in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. While inter-annotator agreement is frequently used as an indication of label reliability by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Gavin Abercrombie , Tanvi Dinkar , Amanda Cercas Curry , Verena Rieser , Dirk Hovy

We present a study on two key characteristics of human syntactic annotations: anchoring and agreement. Anchoring is a well known cognitive bias in human decision making, where judgments are drawn towards pre-existing values. We study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-23 Yevgeni Berzak , Yan Huang , Andrei Barbu , Anna Korhonen , Boris Katz

Grammatical error correction, like other machine learning tasks, greatly benefits from large quantities of high quality training data, which is typically expensive to produce. While writing a program to automatically generate realistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Sudhanshu Kasewa , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Riedel

Text-to-image (T2I) generation has advanced rapidly, making reliable evaluation critical as performance differences between models narrow. Existing evaluation practices typically apply uniform annotation mechanisms, such as Likert-scale or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Abdelrahman Eldesokey , Merey Ramazanova , Ahmad Sait , Ansar Khangeldin , Karen Sanchez , Tong Zhang , Bernard Ghanem

The traditional evaluation of information retrieval (IR) systems is generally very costly as it requires manual relevance annotation from human experts. Recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence -- specifically large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Harrie Oosterhuis , Rolf Jagerman , Zhen Qin , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

Selecting an effective training signal for machine learning tasks is difficult: expert annotations are expensive, and crowd-sourced annotations may not be reliable. Recent work has demonstrated that learning from a distribution over labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

Automated writing evaluation systems can improve students' writing insofar as students attend to the feedback provided and revise their essay drafts in ways aligned with such feedback. Existing research on revision of argumentative writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Tazin Afrin , Elaine Wang , Diane Litman , Lindsay C. Matsumura , Richard Correnti

Segmental structure is a common pattern in many types of sequences such as phrases in human languages. In this paper, we present a probabilistic model for sequences via their segmentations. The probability of a segmented sequence is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-20 Chong Wang , Yining Wang , Po-Sen Huang , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Dengyong Zhou , Li Deng

Uncertainty estimation is important for ensuring safety and robustness of AI systems. While most research in the area has focused on un-structured prediction tasks, limited work has investigated general uncertainty estimation approaches for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-12 Andrey Malinin , Mark Gales

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have contributed to the development of automated writing evaluation (AWE) systems that can correct grammatical errors. However, while these systems are effective at improving text, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Steven Coyne , Diana Galvan-Sosa , Ryan Spring , Camélia Guerraoui , Michael Zock , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui

Data collection from manual labeling provides domain-specific and task-aligned supervision for data-driven approaches, and a critical mass of well-annotated resources is required to achieve reasonable performance in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Liu , Hai Leong Chieu , Nancy F. Chen

Emotion is a crucial phenomenon in the functioning of human beings in society. However, it remains a widely open subject, particularly in its textual manifestations. This paper examines an industrial corpus manually annotated following an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jonas Noblet