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Quantization is a popular way of increasing the speed and lowering the memory usage of Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). When labelled training data is available, network weights and activations have successfully been quantized down to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Marcelo Gennari , Roger Fawcett , Victor Adrian Prisacariu

Quantized Neural Networks (QNNs) are often used to improve network efficiency during the inference phase, i.e. after the network has been trained. Extensive research in the field suggests many different quantization schemes. Still, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Ron Banner , Itay Hubara , Elad Hoffer , Daniel Soudry

Neural network training is a memory- and compute-intensive task. Quantization, which enables low-bitwidth formats in training, can significantly mitigate the workload. To reduce quantization error, recent methods have developed new data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Wenjin Guo , Donglai Liu , Weiying Xie , Yunsong Li , Xuefei Ning , Zihan Meng , Shulin Zeng , Jie Lei , Zhenman Fang , Yu Wang

Although weight and activation quantization is an effective approach for Deep Neural Network (DNN) compression and has a lot of potentials to increase inference speed leveraging bit-operations, there is still a noticeable gap in terms of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Dongqing Zhang , Jiaolong Yang , Dongqiangzi Ye , Gang Hua

Weight quantization is used to deploy high-performance deep learning models on resource-limited hardware, enabling the use of low-precision integers for storage and computation. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) share the goal of enhancing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Sreyes Venkatesh , Razvan Marinescu , Jason K. Eshraghian

Quantization of deep neural networks (DNN) has been proven effective for compressing and accelerating DNN models. Data-free quantization (DFQ) is a promising approach without the original datasets under privacy-sensitive and confidential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Cong Guo , Yuxian Qiu , Jingwen Leng , Xiaotian Gao , Chen Zhang , Yunxin Liu , Fan Yang , Yuhao Zhu , Minyi Guo

Diffusion models have demonstrated exceptional generative capabilities but are computationally intensive, posing significant challenges for deployment in resource-constrained or latency-sensitive environments. Quantization offers an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiaji Zhang , Ruichao Sun , Hailiang Zhao , Jiaju Wu , Peng Chen , Hao Li , Yuying Liu , Kingsum Chow , Gang Xiong , Shuiguang Deng

While neural networks have advanced the frontiers in many applications, they often come at a high computational cost. Reducing the power and latency of neural network inference is key if we want to integrate modern networks into edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Markus Nagel , Marios Fournarakis , Rana Ali Amjad , Yelysei Bondarenko , Mart van Baalen , Tijmen Blankevoort

Quantization-aware training (QAT) schemes have been shown to achieve near-full precision accuracy. They accomplish this by training a quantized model for multiple epochs. This is computationally expensive, mainly because of the full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Saleh Ashkboos , Bram Verhoef , Torsten Hoefler , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Martino Dazzi

Transformers are the backbone of powerful foundation models for many Vision and Natural Language Processing tasks. But their compute and memory/storage footprint is large, and so, serving such models is expensive often requiring high-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Harshavardhan Adepu , Zhanpeng Zeng , Li Zhang , Vikas Singh

Integer AI inference significantly reduces computational complexity in embedded systems. Quantization-aware training (QAT) helps mitigate accuracy degradation associated with post-training quantization but still overlooks the impact of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lion Mueller , Alberto Garcia-Ortiz , Ardalan Najafi , Adam Fuks , Lennart Bamberg

This paper examines the quantization methods used in large-scale data analysis models and their hyperparameter choices. The recent surge in data analysis scale has significantly increased computational resource requirements. To address…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-31 Shuhei Kashiwamura , Ayaka Sakata , Masaaki Imaizumi

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized language processing, delivering outstanding results across multiple applications. However, deploying LLMs on edge devices poses several challenges with respect to memory, energy, and compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Fuwen Tan , Royson Lee , Łukasz Dudziak , Shell Xu Hu , Sourav Bhattacharya , Timothy Hospedales , Georgios Tzimiropoulos , Brais Martinez

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) typically require massive amount of computation resource in inference tasks for computer vision applications. Quantization can significantly reduce DNN computation and storage by decreasing the bitwidth of…

As neural networks have become more powerful, there has been a rising desire to deploy them in the real world; however, the power and accuracy of neural networks is largely due to their depth and complexity, making them difficult to deploy,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Olivia Weng

As large language models (LLMs) grow in size and deployment scale, quantization has become an essential technique for reducing memory footprint and improving inference efficiency. However, existing quantization toolkits often lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

Deep learning methods have established a significant place in image classification. While prior research has focused on enhancing final outcomes, the opaque nature of the decision-making process in these models remains a concern for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Elmira Mousa Rezabeyk , Salar Beigzad , Yasin Hamzavi , Mohsen Bagheritabar , Seyedeh Sogol Mirikhoozani

To make deep neural networks feasible in resource-constrained environments (such as mobile devices), it is beneficial to quantize models by using low-precision weights. One common technique for quantizing neural networks is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Yu Bai , Yu-Xiang Wang , Edo Liberty

Recent advancements in machine learning achieved by Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been significant. While demonstrating high accuracy, DNNs are associated with a huge number of parameters and computations, which leads to high memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Babak Rokh , Ali Azarpeyvand , Alireza Khanteymoori

We present an overview of techniques for quantizing convolutional neural networks for inference with integer weights and activations. Per-channel quantization of weights and per-layer quantization of activations to 8-bits of precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi