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Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable results for a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models for inference has been a significant challenge due to their unprecedented resource requirements. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sehoon Kim , Coleman Hooper , Amir Gholami , Zhen Dong , Xiuyu Li , Sheng Shen , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

In this paper we introduce "Federated Learning Utilities and Tools for Experimentation" (FLUTE), a high-performance open-source platform for federated learning research and offline simulations. The goal of FLUTE is to enable rapid…

As large language models become increasingly prevalent, memory bandwidth constraints significantly limit inference throughput, motivating post-training quantization (PTQ). In this paper, we propose FireQ, a co-designed PTQ framework and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Daehyeon Baek , Jieun Choi , Jimyoung Son , Kyungmin Bin , Seungbeom Choi , Kihyo Moon , Minsung Jang , Hyojung Lee

Due to their large size, generative Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant computing and storage resources. This paper introduces a new post-training quantization method, GPTQT, to reduce memory usage and enhance processing speed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yipin Guo , Yilin Lang , Qinyuan Ren

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance and tremendous potential across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models has been challenging due to the astronomical amount of model parameters, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Haihao Shen , Hanwen Chang , Bo Dong , Yu Luo , Hengyu Meng

Recent advancements in neural network quantisation have yielded remarkable outcomes, with three-bit networks reaching state-of-the-art full-precision accuracy in complex tasks. These achievements present valuable opportunities for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Daniel Gerlinghoff , Benjamin Chen Ming Choong , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Weng-Fai Wong , Tao Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose significant hardware challenges related to memory requirements and computational ability. There are two mainstream quantization schemes for LLMs: coarse-grained ($\textit{e.g.,}$ channel-wise) quantization…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Luoming Zhang , Wen Fei , Weijia Wu , Yefei He , Zhenyu Lou , Hong Zhou

We study weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ), which quantizes the weights of a large language model (LLM) without retraining, using little or no calibration data. Weight-only PTQ is crucial for reducing the memory footprint and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Deokjae Lee , Hyun Oh Song

Speculative decoding and quantization effectively accelerate memory-bound inference of large language models. Speculative decoding mitigates the memory bandwidth bottleneck by verifying multiple tokens within a single forward pass, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yudi Zhang , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Tiejun Zhao , Wang Xu , Hailong Cao , Conghui Zhu

Recently, quantization has been widely used for the compression and acceleration of large language models (LLMs). Due to the outliers in LLMs, it is crucial to flatten weights and activations to minimize quantization error with equally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yuxuan Sun , Ruikang Liu , Haoli Bai , Han Bao , Kang Zhao , Yuening Li , Jiaxin Hu , Xianzhi Yu , Lu Hou , Chun Yuan , Xin Jiang , Wulong Liu , Jun Yao

Large Language Model (LLM) inference becomes resource-intensive, prompting a shift toward low-bit model weights to reduce the memory footprint and improve efficiency. Such low-bit LLMs necessitate the mixed-precision matrix multiplication…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhiwen Mo , Lei Wang , Jianyu Wei , Zhichen Zeng , Shijie Cao , Lingxiao Ma , Naifeng Jing , Ting Cao , Jilong Xue , Fan Yang , Mao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) show excellent performance but are compute- and memory-intensive. Quantization can reduce memory and accelerate inference. However, existing methods cannot maintain accuracy and hardware efficiency at the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Guangxuan Xiao , Ji Lin , Mickael Seznec , Hao Wu , Julien Demouth , Song Han

Rotation-based Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising solution for mitigating activation outliers in the quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs). Global rotation methods achieve inference efficiency by fusing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Suyoung Kim , Sunghyun Wee , Hyeonjin Kim , Kyomin Hwang , Hyunho Lee , Nojun Kwak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly prominent for daily tasks, from improving sound-totext translation to generating additional frames for the latest video games. With the help of LLM inference frameworks, such as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jude Haris , José Cano

Weight-only quantization is widely used to mitigate the memory-bound nature of LLM inference. Codebook-based methods extend this trend by achieving strong accuracy in the extremely low-bit regime (e.g., 2-bit). However, current kernels rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Gunho Park , Jeongin Bae , Byeongwook Kim , Baeseong park , Jiwon Ryu , Hoseung Kim , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Weight-only quantization has been widely explored in large language models (LLMs) to reduce memory storage and data loading overhead. During deployment on single-instruction-multiple-threads (SIMT) architectures, weights are stored in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ruokai Yin , Yuhang Li , Priyadarshini Panda

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is frequently hindered by prohibitive memory and computational requirements. While quantization mitigates these bottlenecks, maintaining model fidelity in the sub-1-bit regime remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Banseok Lee , Dongkyu Kim , Youngcheon You , Youngmin Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

This paper presents a novel approach for performing computations using Look-Up Tables (LUTs) tailored specifically for Compute-in-Memory applications. The aim is to address the scalability challenges associated with LUT-based computation by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Peyman Dehghanzadeh , Baibhab Chatterjee , Swarup Bhunia

Large language models (LLMs) are omnipresent, however their practical deployment is challenging due to their ever increasing computational and memory demands. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to make them more compute and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yelysei Bondarenko , Riccardo Del Chiaro , Markus Nagel