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With the growing applications of Deep Learning (DL), especially recent spectacular achievements of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and LLaMA, the commercial significance of these remarkable models has soared. However, acquiring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Yongqi Jiang , Yansong Gao , Chunyi Zhou , Hongsheng Hu , Anmin Fu , Willy Susilo

The widespread adoption of Language Models (LMs) across industries is driving interest in deploying these services across the computing continuum, from the cloud to the network edge. This shift aims to reduce costs, lower latency, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 SiYoung Jang , Roberto Morabito

Recent years have witnessed growing interest in adopting large language models (LLMs) for Register Transfer Level (RTL) code optimization. While powerful cloud-based LLMs offer superior optimization capabilities, they pose unacceptable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jing Wang , Zheng Li , Lei Li , Fan He , Liyu Lin , Yao Lai , Yan Li , Xiaoyang Zeng , Yufeng Guo

Large language models(LLMs) are currently at the forefront of the machine learning field, which show a broad application prospect but at the same time expose some risks of privacy leakage. We combined Fully Homomorphic Encryption(FHE) and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Zhang Ruoyan , Zheng Zhongxiang , Bao Wankang

The protection of Intellectual Property (IP) in Large Language Models (LLMs) represents a critical challenge in contemporary AI research. While fingerprinting techniques have emerged as a fundamental mechanism for detecting unauthorized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Hanxiu Zhang , Yue Zheng

Proprietary large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied in various scenarios. Additionally, deploying LLMs on edge devices is trending for efficiency and privacy reasons. However, edge deployment of proprietary LLMs introduces new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Qinfeng Li , Zhiqiang Shen , Zhenghan Qin , Yangfan Xie , Xuhong Zhang , Tianyu Du , Jianwei Yin

Deep learning has achieved remarkable progress in various applications, heightening the importance of safeguarding the intellectual property (IP) of well-trained models. It entails not only authorizing usage but also ensuring the deployment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Boyang Peng , Sanqing Qu , Yong Wu , Tianpei Zou , Lianghua He , Alois Knoll , Guang Chen , changjun jiang

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Large language model (LLM) inference at the network edge is a promising serving paradigm that leverages distributed edge resources to run inference near users and enhance privacy. Existing edge-based LLM inference systems typically adopt…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Bingjie Zhu , Zhixiong Chen , Liqiang Zhao , Hyundong Shin , Arumugam Nallanathan

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention in recent years. Due to their "Large" nature, training LLMs from scratch consumes immense computational resources. Since several major players in the artificial intelligence…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Heng Jin , Chaoyu Zhang , Shanghao Shi , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) in 6G vehicular networks promises unprecedented advancements in intelligent transportation systems. However, offloading LLM computations from vehicles to edge infrastructure poses significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Ikhlasse Badidi , Nouhaila El Khiyaoui , Aya Riany , Badr Ben Elallid , Amine Abouaomar

The deployment of large language models' (LLMs) inference at the edge can facilitate prompt service responsiveness while protecting user privacy. However, it is critically challenged by the resource constraints of a single edge node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Peirong Zheng , Wenchao Xu , Haozhao Wang , Jinyu Chen , Xuemin Shen

This paper introduces EmMark,a novel watermarking framework for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of embedded large language models deployed on resource-constrained edge devices. To address the IP theft risks posed by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Data Loss/Leakage Prevention (DLP) continues to be the main issue for many large organizations. There are multiple numbers of emerging security attach scenarios and a limitless number of overcoming solutions. Today's enterprises' major…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Mir Hassan , Chen Jincai , Adnan Iftekhar , Adnan Shehzad , Xiaohui Cui

Instruction tuning has optimized the specialized capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it often requires extensive datasets and prolonged training times. The challenge lies in developing specific capabilities by identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Run Zou , Jianhang Ding , Yifan Ding , Wen Wu , Hao Chen , Renshu Gu

The protection of cyber Intellectual Property (IP) such as web content is an increasingly critical concern. The rise of large language models (LLMs) with online retrieval capabilities enables convenient access to information but often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yisheng Zhong , Yizhu Wen , Junfeng Guo , Mehran Kafai , Heng Huang , Hanqing Guo , Zhuangdi Zhu

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for delivering fast responses and ensuring data privacy. However, the limited storage, weight, and power of edge devices make it difficult to deploy LLM-powered applications.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chunlin Tian , Xinpeng Qin , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Zijian Wang , Yuanzhe Zhao , Minglei Zhang , Chengzhong Xu

This paper studies the integration off Large Language Models into cybersecurity tools and protocols. The main issue discussed in this paper is how traditional rule-based and signature based security systems are not enough to deal with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Raunak Somani , Aswani Kumar Cherukuri

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing but face critical deployment challenges in device-edge systems due to resource limitations and communication overhead. To address these issues, collaborative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-18 Jiahong Ning , Ce Zheng , Tingting Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful foundation for intelligent reasoning and decision-making, demonstrating substantial impact across a wide range of domains and applications. However, their massive parameter scales and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mingyu Sun , Xiao Zhang , Shen Qu , Yan Li , Mengbai Xiao , Yuan Yuan , Dongxiao Yu