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Skewness is a common occurrence in statistical applications. In recent years, various distribution families have been proposed to model skewed data by introducing unequal scales based on the median or mode. However, we argue that the point…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-10 Yiyuan She , Xiaoqiang Wu , Lizhu Tao , Debajyoti Sinha

It is widely recognized that deep neural networks are sensitive to bias in the data. This means that during training these models are likely to learn spurious correlations between data and labels, resulting in limited generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Vito Paolo Pastore , Massimiliano Ciranni , Davide Marinelli , Francesca Odone , Vittorio Murino

In personalized marketing, uplift models estimate incremental effects by modeling how customer behavior changes under alternative treatments. However, real-world data often exhibit biases - such as selection bias, spillover effects, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuxuan Yang , Dugang Liu , Yiyan Huang

Changepoint detection is commonly formulated by minimizing the sum of in-sample losses to quantify the model's overall fit. However, for flexible modeling procedures -- especially those involving high-dimensional parameter spaces or…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Chengde Qian , Guanghui Wang , Zhaojun Wang , Changliang Zou

This paper addresses the issue of implicit stereotypes that may arise during the generation process of large language models. It proposes an interpretable bias detection method aimed at identifying hidden social biases in model outputs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Renhan Zhang , Lian Lian , Zhen Qi , Guiran Liu

Accuracy in spreadsheet modelling systems can be reduced due to difficulties with the inputs, the model itself, or the spreadsheet implementation of the model. When the "true" outputs from the system are unknowable, accuracy is evaluated…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2008-07-22 Thomas A. Grossman

Traditional metrics like accuracy, F1-score, and precision are frequently used to evaluate machine learning models, however they may not be sufficient for evaluating performance on tiny, unbalanced, or high-dimensional datasets. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Serzhan Ossenov

As one of the most successful generative models, diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in synthesizing high-quality images. These models learn the underlying high-dimensional data distribution in an unsupervised manner.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Min Hou , Yueying Wu , Chang Xu , Yu-Hao Huang , Chenxi Bai , Le Wu , Jiang Bian

We propose the use of a simple intuitive principle for measuring algorithmic classification bias: the significance of the differences in a classifier's error rates across the various demographics is inversely commensurate with the sample…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-08 Ioannis Ivrissimtzis , Shauna Concannon , Matthew Houliston , Graham Roberts

Recent studies have shown that Machine Learning (ML) models can exhibit bias in real-world scenarios, posing significant challenges in ethically sensitive domains such as healthcare. Such bias can negatively affect model fairness, model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Junyu Yan , Feng Chen , Yuyang Xue , Yuning Du , Konstantinos Vilouras , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Steven McDonagh

Generalization in generative modeling is defined as the ability to learn an underlying distribution from a finite dataset and produce novel samples, with evaluation largely driven by held-out performance and perceived sample quality. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jerome Garnier-Brun , Luca Biggio , Davide Beltrame , Marc Mézard , Luca Saglietti

We present a novel subset scan method to detect if a probabilistic binary classifier has statistically significant bias -- over or under predicting the risk -- for some subgroup, and identify the characteristics of this subgroup. This form…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-05 Zhe Zhang , Daniel B. Neill

While sensitivity analysis improves the transparency and reliability of mathematical models, its uptake by modelers is still scarce. This is partially explained by its technical requirements, which may be hard to understand and implement by…

Applications · Statistics 2023-03-20 Arnald Puy , Pamphile T. Roy , Andrea Saltelli

Spurious correlations are brittle associations between certain attributes of inputs and target variables, such as the correlation between an image background and an object class. Deep image classifiers often leverage them for predictions,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Guangtao Zheng , Wenqian Ye , Aidong Zhang

Datasets are rarely a realistic approximation of the target population. Say, prevalence is misrepresented, image quality is above clinical standards, etc. This mismatch is known as sampling bias. Sampling biases are a major hindrance for…

Complex statistical machine learning models are increasingly being used or considered for use in high-stakes decision-making pipelines in domains such as financial services, health care, criminal justice and human services. These models are…

Applications · Statistics 2017-07-04 Alexandra Chouldechova , Max G'Sell

Dataset replication is a useful tool for assessing whether improvements in test accuracy on a specific benchmark correspond to improvements in models' ability to generalize reliably. In this work, we present unintuitive yet significant ways…

In recent machine learning systems, confidence scores are being utilized more and more to manage selective prediction, whereby a model can abstain from making a prediction when it is unconfident. Yet, conventional metrics like accuracy,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Kourosh Shahnazari , Seyed Moein Ayyoubzadeh , Mohammadali Keshtparvar , Pegah Ghaffari

Machine learning models are central to people's lives and impact society in ways as fundamental as determining how people access information. The gravity of these models imparts a responsibility to model developers to ensure that they are…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-13 Cyrus DiCiccio , Sriram Vasudevan , Kinjal Basu , Krishnaram Kenthapadi , Deepak Agarwal

Should prediction models always deliver a prediction? In the pursuit of maximum predictive performance, critical considerations of reliability and fairness are often overshadowed, particularly when it comes to the role of uncertainty.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Anna Sokol , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh Chawla