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We introduce and study a new complexity function in combinatorics on words, which takes into account the smallest second occurrence time of a factor of an infinite word. We characterize the eventually periodic words and the Sturmian words…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-24 Yann Bugeaud , Dong Han Kim

A finite word is closed if it contains a factor that occurs both as a prefix and as a suffix but does not have internal occurrences, otherwise it is open. We are interested in the {\it oc-sequence} of a word, which is the binary sequence…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Alessandro De Luca , Gabriele Fici , Luca Q. Zamboni

This paper concerns a specific class of strict standard episturmian words whose directive words resemble those of characteristic Sturmian words. In particular, we explicitly determine all integer powers occurring in such infinite words,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-16 Amy Glen

We say that an infinite word w is weak abelian periodic if it can be factorized into finite words with the same frequencies of letters. In the paper we study properties of weak abelian periodicity, its relations with balance and frequency.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-02-19 Sergey Avgustinovich , Svetlana Puzynina

We implement a decision procedure for answering questions about a class of infinite words that might be called (for lack of a better name) "Tribonacci-automatic". This class includes, for example, the famous Tribonacci word T =…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Hamoon Mousavi , Jeffrey Shallit

We prove that the property of being closed (resp., palindromic, rich, privileged trapezoidal, balanced) is expressible in first-order logic for automatic (and some related) sequences. It therefore follows that the characteristic function of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-01 Luke Schaeffer , Jeffrey Shallit

Given a language L and a nondeterministic finite automaton M, we consider whether we can determine efficiently (in the size of M) if M accepts at least one word in L, or infinitely many words. Given that M accepts at least one word in L, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-04-14 Terry Anderson , John Loftus , Narad Rampersad , Nicolae Santean , Jeffrey Shallit

In a 1995 paper, Hof, Knill and Simon obtain a sufficient combinatorial criterion on the hull $\Omega$ of the potential of a discrete Schr\"odinger operator which guarantees purely singular continuous spectrum on a generic subset of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2013-11-18 Tero Harju , Jetro Vesti , Luca Q. Zamboni

Let $f_W(n)$ be the number of different factors of length $n$ appearing in $W$. A classical result of Morse and Hedlund, stated in 1938, asserts that an infinite word $W$ is ultimately periodic if and only if $f_W(n)\leq n$ for some $n\in…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-05-04 M. A. Khrystik

The complexity of an infinite word can be measured in several ways, the two most common measures being the subword complexity and the abelian complexity. In 2015, Rigo and Salimov introduced a family of intermediate complexities indexed by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-02 Léo Vivion

Given a countable set X (usually taken to be the natural numbers or the integers), an infinite permutation \pi of X is a linear ordering of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of the infinite permutation on the natural…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-04-06 Steven Widmer

Palindromes are those reduced words of free products of groups that coincide with their reverse words. We prove that a free product of groups $G$ has infinite palindromic width, provided that $G$ is not the free product of two cyclic groups…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Valery Bardakov , Vladimir Tolstykh

In this article, we study word equations in free semigroups and the conjecture that the existence of infinitely many solutions entails the existence of solutions with arbitrarily large exponent of periodicity. We examine this question in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Volker Diekert , Silas Natterer , Alexander Thumm

The notion of almost periodicity nontrivially generalizes the notion of periodicity. Strongly almost periodic sequences (=uniformly recurrent infinite words) first appeared in the field of symbolic dynamics, but then turned out to be…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Yuri Pritykin

Almost periodicity has been considered in Formal Language Theory in connection with some topics in Symbolic Dynamics. In (P\u{a}un and Marcus, Bulletin of EATCS 53 (1994)) some problems concerning this property are raised. For instance it…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Gabriel Istrate

We give a new characterization of biinfinite Sturmian sequences in terms of indistinguishable asymptotic pairs. Two asymptotic sequences on a full $\mathbb{Z}$-shift are indistinguishable if the sets of occurrences of every pattern in each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-18 Sebastián Barbieri , Sébastien Labbé , Štěpán Starosta

We define a family of natural decompositions of Sturmian words in Christoffel words, called *reversible Christoffel* (RC) factorizations. They arise from the observation that two Sturmian words with the same language have (almost always)…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-07-12 Michelangelo Bucci , Alessandro De Luca , Luca Q. Zamboni

We introduce a variation of the Ziv-Lempel and Crochemore factorizations of words by requiring each factor to be a palindrome. We compute these factorizations for the Fibonacci word, and more generally, for all $m$-bonacci words.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Marieh Jahannia , Morteza Mohammad-noori , Narad Rampersad , Manon Stipulanti

The palindromic length of a finite word $w$ is defined as the minimal number of palindromes such that their product is $w$. Clearly, this function may take different values depending on if we consider $w$ as an element a free semigroup or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Anna E. Frid

String attractors are a combinatorial tool coming from the field of data compression. It is a set of positions within a word which intersects an occurrence of every factor. While one-sided infinite words admitting a finite string attractor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-21 Pierre Béaur , France Gheeraert , Benjamin Hellouin de Menibus