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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar

Large language models (LLMs) have been massively applied to many tasks, often surpassing state-of-the-art approaches. While their effectiveness in code generation has been extensively studied (e.g., AlphaCode), their potential for code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Pablo Antonio Martínez , Gregorio Bernabé , José Manuel García

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain in popularity, it is important to understand how novice programmers use them. We present a thematic analysis of 33 learners, aged 10-17, independently learning Python through 45 code-authoring tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Majeed Kazemitabaar , Xinying Hou , Austin Henley , Barbara J. Ericson , David Weintrop , Tovi Grossman

Prompt engineering reduces reasoning mistakes in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, its effectiveness in mitigating vulnerabilities in LLM-generated code remains underexplored. To address this gap, we implemented a benchmark to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Marc Bruni , Fabio Gabrielli , Mohammad Ghafari , Martin Kropp

Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly assessed based on their common sense reasoning, language comprehension, and logical reasoning abilities. While models trained in specialized domains like mathematics or coding have demonstrated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Danny Brahman , Mohammad Mahoor

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for software development tasks such as code completion, translation, and optimization. However, their ability to generate efficient and correct code, particularly in complex…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bowen Cui , Tejas Ramesh , Oscar Hernandez , Keren Zhou

In the process of code generation, it is essential to guarantee the generated code satisfies grammar constraints of programming language (PL). However, neglecting grammar constraints is a fatal drawback of commonly used sequence-based code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Yihong Dong , Xue Jiang , Yuchen Liu , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) frameworks increasingly leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) for tasks such as hyperparameter optimization and neural architecture code generation. However, current LLM-based approaches focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mahmoud Hanouneh , Radu Timofte , Dmitry Ignatov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world code generation, where functional correctness alone is insufficient for reliable deployment, developers also expect adherence to explicit requirements for robustness,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Sravani Gunnu , Shanmukha Guttula , Hima Patel

With the unprecedented advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their application domains have expanded to include code generation tasks across various programming languages. While significant progress has been made in enhancing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Luyao Shi , Stefano Ambrogio , Charles Mackin , Apoorva Nitsure , David Beymer , Ehsan Degan

The security of code generated by large language models (LLMs) is a significant concern, as studies indicate that such code often contains vulnerabilities and lacks essential defensive programming constructs. This work focuses on examining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Muhammad Usman Shahid , Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed , Rajiv Ranjan

Code reasoning tasks are becoming prevalent in large language model (LLM) assessments. Yet, there is a dearth of studies on the impact of real-world complexities on code reasoning, e.g., inter- or intra-procedural dependencies, API calls,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Changshu Liu , Alireza Ghazanfari , Yang Chen , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used in software development. However, the code generated by LLMs often contains vulnerabilities. Several secure code generation methods have been proposed to address this issue, but their current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shih-Chieh Dai , Jun Xu , Guanhong Tao

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive code generation capabilities but struggle with real-world software engineering tasks, such as revising source code to address code reviews, hindering their practical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hong Yi Lin , Chunhua Liu , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam , Christoph Treude

The growing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated code generation has enhanced software development efficiency, but often at the cost of security. Generated code frequently overlooks critical concerns, leaving it vulnerable to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mohammed Kharma , Ahmed Sabbah , Mohammad Alkhanafseh , Mohammad Hammoudeh , David Mohaisen

Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive ability in code generation, they are still struggling to address the complicated intent provided by humans. It is widely acknowledged that humans typically employ planning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Lecheng Wang , Zheng Fang , Qiwei Shang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao

The rapid advancement of code large language models (LLMs) has sparked significant research interest in systematically evaluating their code generation capabilities, yet existing benchmarks predominantly assess models at a single structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Fanglin Xu , Wei Zhang , Jian Yang , Guo Chen , Aishan Liu , Zhoujun Li , Xianglong Liu , Bryan Dai

In this work, we make the first attempt to evaluate LLMs in a more challenging code generation scenario, i.e. class-level code generation. We first manually construct the first class-level code generation benchmark ClassEval of 100…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Xueying Du , Mingwei Liu , Kaixin Wang , Hanlin Wang , Junwei Liu , Yixuan Chen , Jiayi Feng , Chaofeng Sha , Xin Peng , Yiling Lou

Code generation models have achieved impressive performance. However, they tend to be brittle as slight edits to a prompt could lead to very different generations; these robustness properties, critical for user experience when deployed in…

We introduce WebApp1K, a novel benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) in test-driven development (TDD) tasks, where test cases serve as both prompt and verification for code generation. Unlike traditional approaches relying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Yi Cui