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We introduce a new method for integrating neural networks with logic programming in Neural-Symbolic AI (NeSy), aimed at learning with distant supervision, in which direct labels are unavailable. Unlike prior methods, our approach does not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Akihiro Takemura , Katsumi Inoue

This paper analyzes the learnability of neuro-symbolic (NeSy) tasks within hybrid systems. We show that the learnability of NeSy tasks can be characterized by their derived constraint satisfaction problems (DCSPs). Specifically, a task is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Hao-Yuan He , Ming Li

We study the problem of combining neural networks with symbolic reasoning. Recently introduced frameworks for Probabilistic Neurosymbolic Learning (PNL), such as DeepProbLog, perform exponential-time exact inference, limiting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Emile van Krieken , Thiviyan Thanapalasingam , Jakub M. Tomczak , Frank van Harmelen , Annette ten Teije

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) are an important class of probabilistic models, also known as random fields and undirected graphical models. EBMs are un-normalized and thus radically different from other popular self-normalized probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhijian Ou

Deep neural learning uses an increasing amount of computation and data to solve very specific problems. By stark contrast, human minds solve a wide range of problems using a fixed amount of computation and limited experience. One ability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zihan Ye , Hikaru Shindo , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

In recent years, neural systems have demonstrated highly effective learning ability and superior perception intelligence. However, they have been found to lack effective reasoning and cognitive ability. On the other hand, symbolic systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Dongran Yu , Bo Yang , Dayou Liu , Hui Wang , Shirui Pan

Text classification problems, such as gender classification from a blog, have been a well-matured research area that has been well studied using machine learning algorithms. It has several application domains in market analysis, customer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Natnael Tilahun Sinshaw , Mengmei He , Tadesse K. Bahiru , Sudhir Kumar Mohapatra

Compositional generalization is crucial for artificial intelligence agents to solve complex vision-language reasoning tasks. Neuro-symbolic approaches have demonstrated promise in capturing compositional structures, but they face critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Danial Kamali , Elham J. Barezi , Parisa Kordjamshidi

The emergence of Large Code Models (LCMs) has transformed software engineering (SE) automation, driving significant advancements in tasks such as code generation, source code documentation, code review, and bug fixing. However, these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Antonio Mastropaolo , Denys Poshyvanyk

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results across various tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. Developing AI systems with strong reasoning capabilities is regarded as a crucial milestone in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiao-Wen Yang , Jie-Jing Shao , Lan-Zhe Guo , Bo-Wen Zhang , Zhi Zhou , Lin-Han Jia , Wang-Zhou Dai , Yu-Feng Li

Neural probabilistic logic systems follow the neuro-symbolic (NeSy) paradigm by combining the perceptive and learning capabilities of neural networks with the robustness of probabilistic logic. Learning corresponds to likelihood…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Victor Verreet , Lennert De Smet , Luc De Raedt , Emanuele Sansone

Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) predictors that conform to symbolic knowledge - encoding, e.g., safety constraints - can be affected by Reasoning Shortcuts (RSs): They learn concepts consistent with the symbolic knowledge by exploiting unintended…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Emanuele Marconato , Samuele Bortolotti , Emile van Krieken , Antonio Vergari , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) assign unnormalized log-probability to data samples. This functionality has a variety of applications, such as sample synthesis, data denoising, sample restoration, outlier detection, Bayesian reasoning, and many…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-23 Zengyi Li , Yubei Chen , Friedrich T. Sommer

Existing end-to-end autonomous driving models rely heavily on purely data-driven inductive reasoning. This "black-box" nature leads to a lack of interpretability and absolute safety guarantees in complex, long-tail scenarios. To overcome…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyan Wei , Wael AbdAlmageed

Energy-based models (EBMs) exhibit a variety of desirable properties in predictive tasks, such as generality, simplicity and compositionality. However, training EBMs on high-dimensional datasets remains unstable and expensive. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Xiulong Yang , Shihao Ji

Energy-based models (EBMs) offer a flexible framework for parameterizing probability distributions using neural networks. However, learning EBMs by exact maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is generally intractable, due to the need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Michael E. Sander , Vincent Roulet , Tianlin Liu , Mathieu Blondel

Neurosymbolic integration (NeSy) blends neural-network learning with symbolic reasoning. The field can be split between methods injecting hand-crafted rules into neural models, and methods inducing symbolic rules from data. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Davide Bizzaro , Alessandro Daniele

In this document we perform a systematic review of the State-of-the-art in Predictive Maintenance (PdM) over the last five years in industrial settings such as commercial buildings, pharmaceutical facilities, or semi-conductor…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kyle Hamilton , Muhammad Intizar Ali

A key objective in the field of artificial intelligence is to develop cognitive models that can exhibit human-like intellectual capabilities. One promising approach to achieving this is through neural-symbolic systems, which combine the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Dongran Yu , Xueyan Liu , Shirui Pan , Anchen Li , Bo Yang

Over the last few decades, Artificial Intelligence (AI) scientists have been conducting investigations to attain human-level performance by a machine in accomplishing a cognitive task. Within machine learning, the ultimate aspiration is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Delower Hossain , Jake Y Chen