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The open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture introduces RAN intelligent controllers (RICs) to facilitate the management and optimization of the disaggregated RAN. Reinforcement learning (RL) and its advanced form, deep RL (DRL), are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Mohammadreza Kouchaki , Aly Sabri Abdalla , Vuk Marojevic

In spite of the new opportunities brought about by the Open RAN, advances in ML-based network automation have been slow, mainly because of the unavailability of large-scale datasets and experimental testing infrastructure. This slows down…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Michele Polese , Leonardo Bonati , Salvatore D'Oro , Stefano Basagni , Tommaso Melodia

The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture enables a flexible, vendor-neutral deployment of 5G networks by disaggregating base station components and supporting third-party xApps for near real-time RAN control. However, the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Pragya Sharma , Shihua Sun , Shachi Deshpande , Angelos Stavrou , Haining Wang

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) is a key paradigm to attain unprecedented flexibility of the RAN via disaggregation and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based applications called xApps. In dense areas with many active RAN nodes, compute…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Antonio Calagna , Stefano Maxenti , Leonardo Bonati , Salvatore D'Oro , Tommaso Melodia , Carla Fabiana Chiasserini

Softwarization, programmable network control and the use of all-encompassing controllers acting at different timescales are heralded as the key drivers for the evolution to next-generation cellular networks. These technologies have fostered…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Leonardo Bonati , Michele Polese , Salvatore D'Oro , Stefano Basagni , Tommaso Melodia

Recently, the concept of open radio access network (O-RAN) has been proposed, which aims to adopt intelligence and openness in the next generation radio access networks (RAN). It provides standardized interfaces and the ability to host…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Han Zhang , Hao Zhou , Melike Erol-Kantarci

O-RAN (Open-Radio Access Network) offers a flexible, open architecture for next-generation wireless networks. Network slicing within O-RAN allows network operators to create customized virtual networks, each tailored to meet the specific…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Sihem Bakri , Indrakshi Dey , Harun Siljak , Marco Ruffini , Nicola Marchetti

The impending adoption of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is fueling innovation in the RAN towards data-driven operation. Unlike traditional RAN where the RAN data and its usage is restricted within proprietary and monolithic RAN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Pranshav Gajjar , Molham Khoja , Abiodun Ganiyu , Marc Juarez , Mahesh K. Marina , Andrew Lehane , Vijay K. Shah

The ongoing transformation of mobile networks from proprietary physical network boxes to virtualized functions and deployment models has led to more scalable and flexible network architectures capable of adapting to specific use cases. As…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-23 Tolga O. Atalay , Sudip Maitra , Dragoslav Stojadinovic , Angelos Stavrou , Haining Wang

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is considered as a major step in the evolution of next-generation cellular networks given its support for open interfaces and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) into the deployment, operation, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Naveen Naik Sapavath , Brian Kim , Kaushik Chowdhury , Vijay K Shah

The proliferation of 5G technology presents an unprecedented challenge in managing the energy consumption of densely deployed network infrastructures, particularly Base Stations (BSs), which account for the majority of power usage in mobile…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-17 Xuanyu Liang , Ahmed Al-Tahmeesschi , Qiao Wang , Swarna Chetty , Chenrui Sun , Hamed Ahmadi

As Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) continue to expand, AI-driven applications (xApps) are increasingly being deployed enhance network management. However, developing xApps without formal verification risks introducing logical…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Roberto Metere , Kangfeng Ye , Yue Gu , Zhi Zhang , Dalal Alrajeh , Michele Sevegnani , Poonam Yadav

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures will enable interoperability, openness and programmable data-driven control in next generation cellular networks. However, developing and testing efficient solutions that generalize across…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Leonardo Bonati , Michele Polese , Salvatore D'Oro , Stefano Basagni , Tommaso Melodia

The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture enables the deployment of third-party applications on the RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs). However, the operation of third-party applications in the Near Real-Time RIC (Near-RT RIC),…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Arshia Zolghadr , Joao F. Santos , Luiz A. DaSilva , Jacek Kibiłda

While the Open Radio Access Network Alliance (O-RAN) architecture enables third-party applications to optimize radio access networks at multiple timescales, real-time distributed applications (dApps) that demand low latency, high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 João Paulo Esper , Yure Freitas , Pedro Souza , Bruno Silvestre , Joao F. Santos , Alexandre Huff , Cristiano Both , Kleber Cardoso

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) enables flexible, AI-driven control of mobile networks through disaggregated, multi-vendor components. In this architecture, xApps handle real-time functions, whereas rApps in the non-real-time controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Haiyuan Li , Yulei Wu , Dimitra Simeonidou

User demand on network communication infrastructure has never been greater with applications such as extended reality, holographic telepresence, and wireless brain-computer interfaces challenging current networking capabilities. Open RAN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Noe Yungaicela-Naula , Vishal Sharma , Sandra Scott-Hayward

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) was introduced recently to incorporate intelligence and openness into the upcoming generation of RAN. Open RAN offers standardized interfaces and the capacity to accommodate network applications from external…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Abdul Wadud , Fatemeh Golpayegani , Nima Afraz

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) along with artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud and edge networking, and virtualization are important enablers for designing flexible and software-driven programmable wireless networks. In…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Ali Fuat Sahin , Onur Salan , Ibrahim Hokelek , Ali Gorcin

The shift to disaggregated 5G architectures introduces unprecedented flexibility but also significant complexity in Beyond 5G Radio Access Networks (RANs). Open RAN enables programmability through xApps, yet deploying and validating these…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Sofia Montebugnoli , Leonardo Bonati , Andrea Sabbioni , Luca Foschini , Paolo Bellavista , Salvatore D'Oro , Michele Polese , Tommaso Melodia