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Recently, large language models (LLMs), particularly GPT-4, have demonstrated significant capabilities in various planning and reasoning tasks \cite{cheng2023gpt4,bubeck2023sparks}. Motivated by these advancements, there has been a surge of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Bingzhe Wu

Large-scale AI models such as GPT-4 have accelerated the deployment of artificial intelligence across critical domains including law, healthcare, and finance, raising urgent questions about trust and transparency. This study investigates…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Allen Daniel Sunny

As ChatGPT goes viral, generative AI (AIGC, a.k.a AI-generated content) has made headlines everywhere because of its ability to analyze and create text, images, and beyond. With such overwhelming media coverage, it is almost impossible for…

Recent research suggests that it may be possible to build conscious AI systems now or in the near future. Conscious AI systems would arguably deserve moral consideration, and it may be the case that large numbers of conscious systems could…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Patrick Butlin , Theodoros Lappas

This is a skeptical overview of the literature on AI consciousness. We will soon create AI systems that are conscious according to some influential, mainstream theories of consciousness but are not conscious according to other influential,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Eric Schwitzgebel

This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , Alexi Christakis , Alistair Gillespie , Allison Tam , Ally Bennett , Alvin Wan , Alyssa Huang , Amy McDonald Sandjideh , Amy Yang , Ananya Kumar , Andre Saraiva , Andrea Vallone , Andrei Gheorghe , Andres Garcia Garcia , Andrew Braunstein , Andrew Liu , Andrew Schmidt , Andrey Mereskin , Andrey Mishchenko , Andy Applebaum , Andy Rogerson , Ann Rajan , Annie Wei , Anoop Kotha , Anubha Srivastava , Anushree Agrawal , Arun Vijayvergiya , Ashley Tyra , Ashvin Nair , Avi Nayak , Ben Eggers , Bessie Ji , Beth Hoover , Bill Chen , Blair Chen , Boaz Barak , Borys Minaiev , Botao Hao , Bowen Baker , Brad Lightcap , Brandon McKinzie , Brandon Wang , Brendan Quinn , Brian Fioca , Brian Hsu , Brian Yang , Brian Yu , Brian Zhang , Brittany Brenner , Callie Riggins Zetino , Cameron Raymond , Camillo Lugaresi , Carolina Paz , Cary Hudson , Cedric Whitney , Chak Li , Charles Chen , Charlotte Cole , Chelsea Voss , Chen Ding , Chen Shen , Chengdu Huang , Chris Colby , Chris Hallacy , Chris Koch , Chris Lu , Christina Kaplan , Christina Kim , CJ Minott-Henriques , Cliff Frey , Cody Yu , Coley Czarnecki , Colin Reid , Colin Wei , Cory Decareaux , Cristina Scheau , Cyril Zhang , Cyrus Forbes , Da Tang , Dakota Goldberg , Dan Roberts , Dana Palmie , Daniel Kappler , Daniel Levine , Daniel Wright , Dave Leo , David Lin , David Robinson , Declan Grabb , Derek Chen , Derek Lim , Derek Salama , Dibya Bhattacharjee , Dimitris Tsipras , Dinghua Li , Dingli Yu , DJ Strouse , Drew Williams , Dylan Hunn , Ed Bayes , Edwin Arbus , Ekin Akyurek , Elaine Ya Le , Elana Widmann , Eli Yani , Elizabeth Proehl , Enis Sert , Enoch Cheung , Eri Schwartz , Eric Han , Eric Jiang , Eric Mitchell , Eric Sigler , Eric Wallace , Erik Ritter , Erin Kavanaugh , Evan Mays , Evgenii Nikishin , Fangyuan Li , Felipe Petroski Such , Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres , Filippo Raso , Florent Bekerman , Foivos Tsimpourlas , Fotis Chantzis , Francis Song , Francis Zhang , Gaby Raila , Garrett McGrath , Gary Briggs , Gary Yang , Giambattista Parascandolo , Gildas Chabot , Grace Kim , Grace Zhao , Gregory Valiant , Guillaume Leclerc , Hadi Salman , Hanson Wang , Hao Sheng , Haoming Jiang , Haoyu Wang , Haozhun Jin , Harshit Sikchi , Heather Schmidt , Henry Aspegren , Honglin Chen , Huida Qiu , Hunter Lightman , Ian Covert , Ian Kivlichan , Ian Silber , Ian Sohl , Ibrahim Hammoud , Ignasi Clavera , Ikai Lan , Ilge Akkaya , Ilya Kostrikov , Irina Kofman , Isak Etinger , Ishaan Singal , Jackie Hehir , Jacob Huh , Jacqueline Pan , Jake Wilczynski , Jakub Pachocki , James Lee , James Quinn , Jamie Kiros , Janvi Kalra , Jasmyn Samaroo , Jason Wang , Jason Wolfe , Jay Chen , Jay Wang , Jean Harb , Jeffrey Han , Jeffrey Wang , Jennifer Zhao , Jeremy Chen , Jerene Yang , Jerry Tworek , Jesse Chand , Jessica Landon , Jessica Liang , Ji Lin , Jiancheng Liu , Jianfeng Wang , Jie Tang , Jihan Yin , Joanne Jang , Joel Morris , Joey Flynn , Johannes Ferstad , Johannes Heidecke , John Fishbein , John Hallman , Jonah Grant , Jonathan Chien , Jonathan Gordon , Jongsoo Park , Jordan Liss , Jos Kraaijeveld , Joseph Guay , Joseph Mo , Josh Lawson , Josh McGrath , Joshua Vendrow , Joy Jiao , Julian Lee , Julie Steele , Julie Wang , Junhua Mao , Kai Chen , Kai Hayashi , Kai Xiao , Kamyar Salahi , Kan Wu , Karan Sekhri , Karan Sharma , Karan Singhal , Karen Li , Kenny Nguyen , Keren Gu-Lemberg , Kevin King , Kevin Liu , Kevin Stone , Kevin Yu , Kristen Ying , Kristian Georgiev , Kristie Lim , Kushal Tirumala , Kyle Miller , Lama Ahmad , Larry Lv , Laura Clare , Laurance Fauconnet , Lauren Itow , Lauren Yang , Laurentia Romaniuk , Leah Anise , Lee Byron , Leher Pathak , Leon Maksin , Leyan Lo , Leyton Ho , Li Jing , Liang Wu , Liang Xiong , Lien Mamitsuka , Lin Yang , Lindsay McCallum , Lindsey Held , Liz Bourgeois , Logan Engstrom , Lorenz Kuhn , Louis Feuvrier , Lu Zhang , Lucas Switzer , Lukas Kondraciuk , Lukasz Kaiser , Manas Joglekar , Mandeep Singh , Mandip Shah , Manuka Stratta , Marcus Williams , Mark Chen , Mark Sun , Marselus Cayton , Martin Li , Marvin Zhang , Marwan Aljubeh , Matt Nichols , Matthew Haines , Max Schwarzer , Mayank Gupta , Meghan Shah , Melody Y. Guan , Melody Huang , Meng Dong , Mengqing Wang , Mia Glaese , Micah Carroll , Michael Lampe , Michael Malek , Michael Sharman , Michael Zhang , Michele Wang , Michelle Pokrass , Mihai Florian , Mikhail Pavlov , Miles Wang , Ming Chen , Mingxuan Wang , Minnia Feng , Mo Bavarian , Molly Lin , Moose Abdool , Mostafa Rohaninejad , Nacho Soto , Natalie Staudacher , Natan LaFontaine , Nathan Marwell , Nelson Liu , Nick Preston , Nick Turley , Nicklas Ansman , Nicole Blades , Nikil Pancha , Nikita Mikhaylin , Niko Felix , Nikunj Handa , Nishant Rai , Nitish Keskar , Noam Brown , Ofir Nachum , Oleg Boiko , Oleg Murk , Olivia Watkins , Oona Gleeson , Pamela Mishkin , Patryk Lesiewicz , Paul Baltescu , Pavel Belov , Peter Zhokhov , Philip Pronin , Phillip Guo , Phoebe Thacker , Qi Liu , Qiming Yuan , Qinghua Liu , Rachel Dias , Rachel Puckett , Rahul Arora , Ravi Teja Mullapudi , Raz Gaon , Reah Miyara , Rennie Song , Rishabh Aggarwal , RJ Marsan , Robel Yemiru , Robert Xiong , Rohan Kshirsagar , Rohan Nuttall , Roman Tsiupa , Ronen Eldan , Rose Wang , Roshan James , Roy Ziv , Rui Shu , Ruslan Nigmatullin , Saachi Jain , Saam Talaie , Sam Altman , Sam Arnesen , Sam Toizer , Sam Toyer , Samuel Miserendino , Sandhini Agarwal , Sarah Yoo , Savannah Heon , Scott Ethersmith , Sean Grove , Sean Taylor , Sebastien Bubeck , Sever Banesiu , Shaokyi Amdo , Shengjia Zhao , Sherwin Wu , Shibani Santurkar , Shiyu Zhao , Shraman Ray Chaudhuri , Shreyas Krishnaswamy , Shuaiqi , Xia , Shuyang Cheng , Shyamal Anadkat , Simón Posada Fishman , Simon Tobin , Siyuan Fu , Somay Jain , Song Mei , Sonya Egoian , Spencer Kim , Spug Golden , SQ Mah , Steph Lin , Stephen Imm , Steve Sharpe , Steve Yadlowsky , Sulman Choudhry , Sungwon Eum , Suvansh Sanjeev , Tabarak Khan , Tal Stramer , Tao Wang , Tao Xin , Tarun Gogineni , Taya Christianson , Ted Sanders , Tejal Patwardhan , Thomas Degry , Thomas Shadwell , Tianfu Fu , Tianshi Gao , Timur Garipov , Tina Sriskandarajah , Toki Sherbakov , Tomek Korbak , Tomer Kaftan , Tomo Hiratsuka , Tongzhou Wang , Tony Song , Tony Zhao , Troy Peterson , Val Kharitonov , Victoria Chernova , Vineet Kosaraju , Vishal Kuo , Vitchyr Pong , Vivek Verma , Vlad Petrov , Wanning Jiang , Weixing Zhang , Wenda Zhou , Wenlei Xie , Wenting Zhan , Wes McCabe , Will DePue , Will Ellsworth , Wulfie Bain , Wyatt Thompson , Xiangning Chen , Xiangyu Qi , Xin Xiang , Xinwei Shi , Yann Dubois , Yaodong Yu , Yara Khakbaz , Yifan Wu , Yilei Qian , Yin Tat Lee , Yinbo Chen , Yizhen Zhang , Yizhong Xiong , Yonglong Tian , Young Cha , Yu Bai , Yu Yang , Yuan Yuan , Yuanzhi Li , Yufeng Zhang , Yuguang Yang , Yujia Jin , Yun Jiang , Yunyun Wang , Yushi Wang , Yutian Liu , Zach Stubenvoll , Zehao Dou , Zheng Wu , Zhigang Wang

Research suggests that providing specific and timely feedback to human tutors enhances their performance. However, it presents challenges due to the time-consuming nature of assessing tutor performance by human evaluators. Large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Dollaya Hirunyasiri , Danielle R. Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth R. Koedinger , Vincent Aleven

This paper bridges neuroscience and artificial intelligence to propose a cortically inspired blueprint for modular perceptual AI. While current monolithic models such as GPT-4V achieve impressive performance, they often struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Prerna Luthra

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have achieved human-scale speed and accuracy for classification tasks. In turn, these capabilities have made AI a viable replacement for many human activities that at their core involve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hadi Esmaeilzadeh , Reza Vaezi

Recent developments in machine learning have pushed the tasks that machines can do outside the boundaries of what was thought to be possible years ago. Methodologies such as deep learning or generative models have achieved complex tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Eduardo C. Garrido Merchán , Martín Molina

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is the fourth-generation language model in the GPT series, developed by OpenAI, which promises significant advancements in the field of natural language processing (NLP). In this research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Jawid Ahmad Baktash , Mursal Dawodi

The transition from task-specific artificial intelligence toward general-purpose foundation models raises fundamental questions about their capacity to support the integrated reasoning required in clinical medicine, where diagnosis demands…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Alexandru Florea , Shansong Wang , Mingzhe Hu , Qiang Li , Zach Eidex , Luke del Balzo , Mojtaba Safari , Xiaofeng Yang

Generative AI tools are increasingly embedded in everyday work and learning, yet their fluency, opacity, and propensity to hallucinate mean that users must critically evaluate AI outputs rather than accept them at face value. The present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Gabriel R. Lau , Wei Yan Low , Louis Tay , Ysabel Guevarra , Dragan Gašević , Andree Hartanto

The question of whether artificial beings or machines could become self-aware or consciousness has been a philosophical question for centuries. The main problem is that self-awareness cannot be observed from an outside perspective and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Patrick Krauss , Andreas Maier

The purpose of this article is to provide an overall critical appraisal of Integrated Information Theory(IIT) of consciousness. We explore how it has evolved and what problems are involved in the theory. IIT is a hypothesis that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-02 Kyumin Moon , Hongju Pae

We may soon develop highly human-like AIs that appear-or perhaps even are-sentient, capable of subjective experiences such as happiness and suffering. Regardless of whether AI can achieve true sentience, it is crucial to anticipate and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Lucius Caviola

Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models have exhibited exciting progress in their capabilities, capturing the interest of practitioners and the public alike. Yet, while the literature on the trustworthiness of GPT models remains…

Despite remarkable advances, today's AI systems remain narrow in scope, falling short of the flexible, adaptive, and multisensory intelligence that characterizes human capabilities. This gap has fueled longstanding debates about whether AI…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-07 Haofei Yu , Yining Zhao , Lenore Blum , Manuel Blum , Paul Pu Liang

We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 OpenAI , Josh Achiam , Steven Adler , Sandhini Agarwal , Lama Ahmad , Ilge Akkaya , Florencia Leoni Aleman , Diogo Almeida , Janko Altenschmidt , Sam Altman , Shyamal Anadkat , Red Avila , Igor Babuschkin , Suchir Balaji , Valerie Balcom , Paul Baltescu , Haiming Bao , Mohammad Bavarian , Jeff Belgum , Irwan Bello , Jake Berdine , Gabriel Bernadett-Shapiro , Christopher Berner , Lenny Bogdonoff , Oleg Boiko , Madelaine Boyd , Anna-Luisa Brakman , Greg Brockman , Tim Brooks , Miles Brundage , Kevin Button , Trevor Cai , Rosie Campbell , Andrew Cann , Brittany Carey , Chelsea Carlson , Rory Carmichael , Brooke Chan , Che Chang , Fotis Chantzis , Derek Chen , Sully Chen , Ruby Chen , Jason Chen , Mark Chen , Ben Chess , Chester Cho , Casey Chu , Hyung Won Chung , Dave Cummings , Jeremiah Currier , Yunxing Dai , Cory Decareaux , Thomas Degry , Noah Deutsch , Damien Deville , Arka Dhar , David Dohan , Steve Dowling , Sheila Dunning , Adrien Ecoffet , Atty Eleti , Tyna Eloundou , David Farhi , Liam Fedus , Niko Felix , Simón Posada Fishman , Juston Forte , Isabella Fulford , Leo Gao , Elie Georges , Christian Gibson , Vik Goel , Tarun Gogineni , Gabriel Goh , Rapha Gontijo-Lopes , Jonathan Gordon , Morgan Grafstein , Scott Gray , Ryan Greene , Joshua Gross , Shixiang Shane Gu , Yufei Guo , Chris Hallacy , Jesse Han , Jeff Harris , Yuchen He , Mike Heaton , Johannes Heidecke , Chris Hesse , Alan Hickey , Wade Hickey , Peter Hoeschele , Brandon Houghton , Kenny Hsu , Shengli Hu , Xin Hu , Joost Huizinga , Shantanu Jain , Shawn Jain , Joanne Jang , Angela Jiang , Roger Jiang , Haozhun Jin , Denny Jin , Shino Jomoto , Billie Jonn , Heewoo Jun , Tomer Kaftan , Łukasz Kaiser , Ali Kamali , Ingmar Kanitscheider , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Tabarak Khan , Logan Kilpatrick , Jong Wook Kim , Christina Kim , Yongjik Kim , Jan Hendrik Kirchner , Jamie Kiros , Matt Knight , Daniel Kokotajlo , Łukasz Kondraciuk , Andrew Kondrich , Aris Konstantinidis , Kyle Kosic , Gretchen Krueger , Vishal Kuo , Michael Lampe , Ikai Lan , Teddy Lee , Jan Leike , Jade Leung , Daniel Levy , Chak Ming Li , Rachel Lim , Molly Lin , Stephanie Lin , Mateusz Litwin , Theresa Lopez , Ryan Lowe , Patricia Lue , Anna Makanju , Kim Malfacini , Sam Manning , Todor Markov , Yaniv Markovski , Bianca Martin , Katie Mayer , Andrew Mayne , Bob McGrew , Scott Mayer McKinney , Christine McLeavey , Paul McMillan , Jake McNeil , David Medina , Aalok Mehta , Jacob Menick , Luke Metz , Andrey Mishchenko , Pamela Mishkin , Vinnie Monaco , Evan Morikawa , Daniel Mossing , Tong Mu , Mira Murati , Oleg Murk , David Mély , Ashvin Nair , Reiichiro Nakano , Rajeev Nayak , Arvind Neelakantan , Richard Ngo , Hyeonwoo Noh , Long Ouyang , Cullen O'Keefe , Jakub Pachocki , Alex Paino , Joe Palermo , Ashley Pantuliano , Giambattista Parascandolo , Joel Parish , Emy Parparita , Alex Passos , Mikhail Pavlov , Andrew Peng , Adam Perelman , Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres , Michael Petrov , Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto , Michael , Pokorny , Michelle Pokrass , Vitchyr H. Pong , Tolly Powell , Alethea Power , Boris Power , Elizabeth Proehl , Raul Puri , Alec Radford , Jack Rae , Aditya Ramesh , Cameron Raymond , Francis Real , Kendra Rimbach , Carl Ross , Bob Rotsted , Henri Roussez , Nick Ryder , Mario Saltarelli , Ted Sanders , Shibani Santurkar , Girish Sastry , Heather Schmidt , David Schnurr , John Schulman , Daniel Selsam , Kyla Sheppard , Toki Sherbakov , Jessica Shieh , Sarah Shoker , Pranav Shyam , Szymon Sidor , Eric Sigler , Maddie Simens , Jordan Sitkin , Katarina Slama , Ian Sohl , Benjamin Sokolowsky , Yang Song , Natalie Staudacher , Felipe Petroski Such , Natalie Summers , Ilya Sutskever , Jie Tang , Nikolas Tezak , Madeleine B. Thompson , Phil Tillet , Amin Tootoonchian , Elizabeth Tseng , Preston Tuggle , Nick Turley , Jerry Tworek , Juan Felipe Cerón Uribe , Andrea Vallone , Arun Vijayvergiya , Chelsea Voss , Carroll Wainwright , Justin Jay Wang , Alvin Wang , Ben Wang , Jonathan Ward , Jason Wei , CJ Weinmann , Akila Welihinda , Peter Welinder , Jiayi Weng , Lilian Weng , Matt Wiethoff , Dave Willner , Clemens Winter , Samuel Wolrich , Hannah Wong , Lauren Workman , Sherwin Wu , Jeff Wu , Michael Wu , Kai Xiao , Tao Xu , Sarah Yoo , Kevin Yu , Qiming Yuan , Wojciech Zaremba , Rowan Zellers , Chong Zhang , Marvin Zhang , Shengjia Zhao , Tianhao Zheng , Juntang Zhuang , William Zhuk , Barret Zoph

This paper investigates the emotional reasoning abilities of the GPT family of large language models via a component perspective. The paper first examines how the model reasons about autobiographical memories. Second, it systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Ala N. Tak , Jonathan Gratch