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AI safety training and red-teaming of large language models (LLMs) are measures to mitigate the generation of unsafe content. Our work exposes the inherent cross-lingual vulnerability of these safety mechanisms, resulting from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Zheng-Xin Yong , Cristina Menghini , Stephen H. Bach

Automated methods for red teaming LLMs are an important tool to identify LLM vulnerabilities that may not be covered in static benchmarks, allowing for more thorough probing. They can also adapt to each specific LLM to discover weaknesses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Aishwarya Padmakumar , Leon Derczynski , Traian Rebedea , Christopher Parisien

Adversarial testing of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their safe and responsible deployment. We introduce a novel approach for automated generation of adversarial evaluation datasets to test the safety of LLM generations on new…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Kevin Robinson , Lora Aroyo , Preethi Lahoti

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in multi-step reasoning tasks, yet their reliance on extensive manual labeling to provide procedural feedback remains a significant impediment. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhaorun Chen , Zhuokai Zhao , Zhihong Zhu , Ruiqi Zhang , Xiang Li , Bhiksha Raj , Huaxiu Yao

As the pre-trained language models (PLMs) continue to grow, so do the hardware and data requirements for fine-tuning PLMs. Therefore, the researchers have come up with a lighter method called \textit{Prompt Learning}. However, during the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Yundi Shi , Piji Li , Changchun Yin , Zhaoyang Han , Lu Zhou , Zhe Liu

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) are at the forefront of advances in Natural Language Processing. One widespread use case of PLMs is "prompting" - or in-context learning - where a user provides a description of a task and some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Christopher Toukmaji

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have attracted enormous attention over the past few years with their unparalleled performances. Meanwhile, the soaring cost to train PLMs as well as their amazing generalizability have jointly contributed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Tianrong Zhang , Zhaohan Xi , Ting Wang , Prasenjit Mitra , Jinghui Chen

As vision-language models (VLMs) gain prominence, their multimodal interfaces also introduce new safety vulnerabilities, making the safety evaluation challenging and critical. Existing red-teaming efforts are either restricted to a narrow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Zhaorun Chen , Xun Liu , Mintong Kang , Jiawei Zhang , Minzhou Pan , Shuang Yang , Bo Li

When building Large Language Models (LLMs), it is paramount to bear safety in mind and protect them with guardrails. Indeed, LLMs should never generate content promoting or normalizing harmful, illegal, or unethical behavior that may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Simone Tedeschi , Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Kristian Kersting , Roberto Navigli , Huu Nguyen , Bo Li

Gisting (Mu et al., 2023) is a simple method for training models to compress information into fewer token representations using a modified attention mask, and can serve as an economical approach to training Transformer-based hypernetworks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jason Phang

Speech-aware LLMs (SLLMs) have recently achieved state-of-the-art ASR performance; however, they still fail to accurately transcribe bias words that appear rarely or never in the training data. Contextual biasing mechanisms are commonly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Sashi Novitasari , Takashi Fukuda , Kurata Gakuto , George Saon

Search agents connect LLMs to the Internet, enabling them to access broader and more up-to-date information. However, this also introduces a new threat surface: unreliable search results can mislead agents into producing unsafe outputs.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jianshuo Dong , Sheng Guo , Hao Wang , Xun Chen , Zhuotao Liu , Tianwei Zhang , Ke Xu , Minlie Huang , Han Qiu

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) for zero-shot document ranking is done in one of two ways: (1) prompt-based re-ranking methods, which require no further training but are only feasible for re-ranking a handful of candidate documents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Prompt optimization aims to search for effective prompts that enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs). Although existing prompt optimization methods have discovered effective prompts, they often differ from sophisticated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Rin Ashizawa , Yoichi Hirose , Nozomu Yoshinari , Kento Uchida , Shinichi Shirakawa

In this paper, we focus on addressing the constraints faced when applying LLMs to ASR. Recent works utilize prefixLM-type models, which directly apply speech as a prefix to LLMs for ASR. We have found that optimizing speech prefixes leads…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Murali Karthick Baskar , Andrew Rosenberg , Bhuvana Ramabhadran , Neeraj Gaur , Zhong Meng

Adversarial prompts generated using gradient-based methods exhibit outstanding performance in performing automatic jailbreak attacks against safety-aligned LLMs. Nevertheless, due to the discrete nature of texts, the input gradient of LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Qizhang Li , Yiwen Guo , Wangmeng Zuo , Hao Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

Despite the substantial advancements in artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) remain being challenged by generation safety. With adversarial jailbreaking prompts, one can effortlessly induce LLMs to output harmful content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuhao Du , Zhuo Li , Pengyu Cheng , Xiang Wan , Anningzhe Gao

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on downstream tasks by in-context learning (ICL), which heavily relies on the quality of demonstrations selected from a large set of annotated examples. Recent works claim that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Hongfu Gao , Feipeng Zhang , Wenyu Jiang , Jun Shu , Feng Zheng , Hongxin Wei