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Causality can be described in terms of a structural causal model (SCM) that carries information on the variables of interest and their mechanistic relations. For most processes of interest the underlying SCM will only be partially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Petar Veličković , Kristian Kersting

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful tool for machine learning on graphs.GNNs combine node feature information with the graph structure by recursively passing neural messages along edges of the input graph. However, incorporating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Rex Ying , Dylan Bourgeois , Jiaxuan You , Marinka Zitnik , Jure Leskovec

This paper presents Gem, a model-agnostic approach for providing interpretable explanations for any GNNs on various graph learning tasks. Specifically, we formulate the problem of providing explanations for the decisions of GNNs as a causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Wanyu Lin , Hao Lan , Baochun Li

We consider the explanation problem of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Most existing GNN explanation methods identify the most important edges or nodes but fail to consider substructures, which are more important for graph data. The only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zhaoning Yu , Hongyang Gao

Uncovering rationales behind predictions of graph neural networks (GNNs) has received increasing attention over recent years. Instance-level GNN explanation aims to discover critical input elements, like nodes or edges, that the target GNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Tianxiang Zhao , Dongsheng Luo , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

Graph data is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the growing demand for relational insights in AI across various domains. Organizations regularly use graph data to solve complex problems involving relationships and connections. Causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Simi Job , Xiaohui Tao , Taotao Cai , Haoran Xie , Jianming Yong , Xin Wang

The exploration of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for processing graph-structured data has expanded, particularly their potential for causal analysis due to their universal approximation capabilities. Anticipated to significantly enhance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Simi Job , Xiaohui Tao , Taotao Cai , Lin Li , Haoran Xie , Jianming Yong

Uncovering rationales behind predictions of graph neural networks (GNNs) has received increasing attention over recent years. Instance-level GNN explanation aims to discover critical input elements, like nodes or edges, that the target GNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Tianxiang Zhao , Dongsheng Luo , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

Graph data often contain noisy and spurious correlations that mask the true causal relationships, which are essential for enabling graph models to make predictions based on the underlying causal structure of the data. Dependence on spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Simi Job , Xiaohui Tao , Taotao Cai , Haoran Xie , Jianming Yong

In machine learning, exploring data correlations to predict outcomes is a fundamental task. Recognizing causal relationships embedded within data is pivotal for a comprehensive understanding of system dynamics, the significance of which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Simi Job , Xiaohui Tao , Taotao Cai , Haoran Xie , Lin Li , Jianming Yong , Qing Li

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as powerful representation learning tools for capturing complex dependencies within diverse graph-structured data. Despite their success in a wide range of graph mining tasks, GNNs have raised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Wenzhao Jiang , Hao Liu , Hui Xiong

Biomarker discovery from high-throughput transcriptomic data is crucial for advancing precision medicine. However, existing methods often neglect gene-gene regulatory relationships and lack stability across datasets, leading to conflation…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-18 Chaowang Lan , Jingxin Wu , Yulong Yuan , Chuxun Liu , Huangyi Kang , Caihua Liu

Explainable Graph Neural Network (GNN) has emerged recently to foster the trust of using GNNs. Existing GNN explainers are developed from various perspectives to enhance the explanation performance. We take the first step to study GNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jiate Li , Meng Pang , Yun Dong , Jinyuan Jia , Binghui Wang

With the rapid deployment of graph neural networks (GNNs) based techniques into a wide range of applications such as link prediction, node classification, and graph classification the explainability of GNNs has become an indispensable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Boyuan Zheng , Fang Chen

There is a recent trend to leverage the power of graph neural networks (GNNs) for brain-network based psychiatric diagnosis, which,in turn, also motivates an urgent need for psychiatrists to fully understand the decision behavior of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-30 Kaizhong Zheng , Shujian Yu , Badong Chen

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) demonstrate their significance by effectively modeling complex interrelationships within graph-structured data. To enhance the credibility and robustness of GNNs, it becomes exceptionally crucial to bolster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Hang Gao , Chengyu Yao , Jiangmeng Li , Lingyu Si , Yifan Jin , Fengge Wu , Changwen Zheng , Huaping Liu

Recently, subgraphs-enhanced Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) have been introduced to enhance the expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which was proved to be not higher than the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman isomorphism test. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Michele Guerra , Indro Spinelli , Simone Scardapane , Filippo Maria Bianchi

In recent years, the remarkable success of graph neural networks (GNNs) on graph-structured data has prompted a surge of methods for explaining GNN predictions. However, the state-of-the-art for GNN explainability remains in flux. Different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jesse He , Akbar Rafiey , Gal Mishne , Yusu Wang

Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have significantly advanced the performance of machine learning tasks on graphs. However, this technological breakthrough makes people wonder: how does a GNN make such decisions, and can we trust its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Xiaoqi Wang , Han-Wei Shen

Explainability is crucial for the application of black-box Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in critical fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, and more. Various feature attribution methods, especially the perturbation-based methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Xingping Xian , Jianlu Liu , Chao Wang , Tao Wu , Shaojie Qiao , Xiaochuan Tang , Qun Liu
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