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Recent advances in protein large language models, such as ProtTeX, represent both side-chain amino acids and backbone structure as discrete token sequences of residue length. While this design enables unified modeling of multimodal protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuanliu Fan , Zicheng Ma , Jun Gao , Nan Yu , Jun Zhang , Ziqiang Cao , Yi Qin Gao , Guohong Fu

Representation learning and \emph{de novo} generation of proteins are pivotal computational biology tasks. Whilst natural language processing (NLP) techniques have proven highly effective for protein sequence modelling, structure modelling…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-08 Benoit Gaujac , Jérémie Donà , Liviu Copoiu , Timothy Atkinson , Thomas Pierrot , Thomas D. Barrett

Multimodal molecular representation learning, which jointly models molecular graphs and their textual descriptions, enhances predictive accuracy and interpretability by enabling more robust and reliable predictions of drug toxicity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yingxu Wang , Kunyu Zhang , Jiaxin Huang , Nan Yin , Siwei Liu , Eran Segal

Deep learning is catalyzing a scientific revolution fueled by big data, accessible toolkits, and powerful computational resources, impacting many fields including protein structural modeling. Protein structural modeling, such as predicting…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-17 Wenhao Gao , Sai Pooja Mahajan , Jeremias Sulam , Jeffrey J. Gray

Large Language Models (LLMs), with their remarkable task-handling capabilities and innovative outputs, have catalyzed significant advancements across a spectrum of fields. However, their proficiency within specialized domains such as…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-05 Yin Fang , Xiaozhuan Liang , Ningyu Zhang , Kangwei Liu , Rui Huang , Zhuo Chen , Xiaohui Fan , Huajun Chen

Proteins, by virtue of their central role in most biological processes, represent one of the key subjects of the study of molecular evolution. Inherent to the indispensability of proteins for living cells is the fact that a given protein…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Eric J. Deeds , Eugene I. Shakhnovich

Reasoning lies at the heart of intelligence, shaping the ability to make decisions, draw conclusions, and generalize across domains. In artificial intelligence, as systems increasingly operate in open, uncertain, and multimodal…

Rapid advancements in imaging techniques and analytical methods over the past decade have revolutionized our ability to comprehensively probe the biological world at multiple scales, pinpointing the type, quantity, location, and even…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Shanghang Zhang , Gaole Dai , Tiejun Huang , Jianxu Chen

The design of protein sequences with desired functionalities is a fundamental task in protein engineering. Deep generative methods, such as autoregressive models and diffusion models, have greatly accelerated the discovery of novel protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zitai Kong , Yiheng Zhu , Yinlong Xu , Hanjing Zhou , Mingzhe Yin , Jialu Wu , Hongxia Xu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Tingjun Hou , Jian Wu

In recent years, protein-text models have gained significant attention for their potential in protein generation and understanding. Current approaches focus on integrating protein-related knowledge into large language models through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Juntong Wu , Zijing Liu , He Cao , Hao Li , Bin Feng , Zishan Shu , Ke Yu , Li Yuan , Yu Li

Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Fang Wu , Lirong Wu , Dragomir Radev , Jinbo Xu , Stan Z. Li

Motivation: Proteins are of great significance in living organisms. However, understanding their functions encounters numerous challenges, such as insufficient integration of multimodal information, a large number of training parameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhicong Wang , Zicheng Ma , Ziqiang Cao , Changlong Zhou , Jun Zhang , Yiqin Gao

Proteins are essential components of all living organisms and play a critical role in cellular survival. They have a broad range of applications, from clinical treatments to material engineering. This versatility has spurred the development…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-28 Chenyu Ren , Daihai He , Jian Huang

The diverse nature of protein prediction tasks has traditionally necessitated specialized models, hindering the development of broadly applicable and computationally efficient Protein Language Models (PLMs). In this work, we introduce…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) enhance the capabilities of standard large language models by integrating and processing data from multiple modalities, including text, vision, audio, video, and 3D environments. Data plays a pivotal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Tianyi Bai , Hao Liang , Binwang Wan , Yanran Xu , Xi Li , Shiyu Li , Ling Yang , Bozhou Li , Yifan Wang , Bin Cui , Ping Huang , Jiulong Shan , Conghui He , Binhang Yuan , Wentao Zhang

In an era defined by the explosive growth of data and rapid technological advancements, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) stand at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Designed to seamlessly integrate diverse data…

Considering the significance of proteins, computational protein science has always been a critical scientific field, dedicated to revealing knowledge and developing applications within the protein sequence-structure-function paradigm. In…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Wenqi Fan , Yi Zhou , Shijie Wang , Yuyao Yan , Hui Liu , Qian Zhao , Le Song , Qing Li

Proteins are complex biomolecules that perform a variety of crucial functions within living organisms. Designing and generating novel proteins can pave the way for many future synthetic biology applications, including drug discovery.…

In the real world, a molecule is a 3D geometric structure. Compared to 1D SMILES sequences and 2D molecular graphs, 3D molecules represent the most informative molecular modality. Despite the rapid progress of autoregressive-based language…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lei Jiang , Shuzhou Sun , Biqing Qi , Yuchen Fu , Xiaohua Xu , Yuqiang Li , Dongzhan Zhou , Tianfan Fu

Proteins typically exist in complexes, interacting with other proteins or biomolecules to perform their specific biological roles. Research on single-chain protein modeling has been extensively and deeply explored, with advancements seen in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Ruizhe Chen , Dongyu Xue , Xiangxin Zhou , Zaixiang Zheng , Xiangxiang Zeng , Quanquan Gu