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Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have garnered increasing interest for their ability to learn concepts via propositional formulas and their proven efficiency across various application domains. Despite this, the convergence proof for the TMs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Mohamed-Bachir Belaid , Jivitesh Sharma , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Per-Arne Andersen , Anis Yazidi

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a novel machine learning algorithm with several distinct properties, including transparent inference and learning using hardware-near building blocks. Although numerous papers explore the TM empirically, many of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Lei Jiao , Xuan Zhang , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , K. Darshana Abeyrathna

Using logical clauses to represent patterns, Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have recently obtained competitive performance in terms of accuracy, memory footprint, energy, and learning speed on several benchmarks. Each TM clause votes for or against…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-10 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Bimal Bhattarai , Morten Goodwin , Saeed Gorji , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao , Rupsa Saha , Rohan K. Yadav

Designing an explainable model becomes crucial now for Natural Language Processing(NLP) since most of the state-of-the-art machine learning models provide a limited explanation for the prediction. In the spectrum of an explainable model,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Rohan Kumar Yadav , Bimal Bhattarai , Abhik Jana , Lei Jiao , Seid Muhie Yimam

Most supervised text classification approaches assume a closed world, counting on all classes being present in the data at training time. This assumption can lead to unpredictable behaviour during operation, whenever novel, previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a propositional logic based model that uses conjunctive clauses to learn patterns from data. As with typical neural networks, the performance of a Tsetlin Machine is largely dependent on its parameter count, with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Calvin Kinateder

Embedding models in natural language processing (NLP) increasingly rely on deep architectures such as BERT, while simpler models such as Word2Vec provide efficient representations but limited interpretability. The Tsetlin Machine (TM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ahmed K. Kadhim , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Mayur Kishor Shende

Despite significant effort, building models that are both interpretable and accurate is an unresolved challenge for many pattern recognition problems. In general, rule-based and linear models lack accuracy, while deep learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Morten Goodwin

The PC algorithm is a widely used method in causal inference for learning the structure of Bayesian networks. Despite its popularity, the PC algorithm suffers from significant time complexity, particularly as the size of the dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Kunal Dumbre , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Tsetlin Machine (TM) has been gaining popularity as an inherently interpretable machine leaning method that is able to achieve promising performance with low computational complexity on a variety of applications. The interpretability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jivitesh Sharma , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

In this paper, we apply a new promising tool for pattern classification, namely, the Tsetlin Machine (TM), to the field of disease forecasting. The TM is interpretable because it is based on manipulating expressions in propositional logic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Xuan Zhang , Morten Goodwin

This paper introduces the Sparse Tsetlin Machine (STM), a novel Tsetlin Machine (TM) that processes sparse data efficiently. Traditionally, the TM does not consider data characteristics such as sparsity, commonly seen in NLP applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Sebastian Østby , Tobias M. Brambo , Sondre Glimsdal

Medical applications challenge today's text categorization techniques by demanding both high accuracy and ease-of-interpretation. Although deep learning has provided a leap ahead in accuracy, this leap comes at the sacrifice of…

Recent research in novelty detection focuses mainly on document-level classification, employing deep neural networks (DNN). However, the black-box nature of DNNs makes it difficult to extract an exact explanation of why a document is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) has recently attracted attention as a low-power alternative to neural networks due to its simple and interpretable inference mechanisms. However, its performance on speech-related tasks remains limited. This paper…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Baizhou Lin , Yuetong Fang , Renjing Xu , Rishad Shafik , Jagmohan Chauhan

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) offers high-speed inference on resource-constrained devices such as CPUs. Its logic-driven operations naturally lend themselves to parallel execution on modern CPU architectures. Motivated by this, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yefan Zeng , Shengyu Duan , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev

Pretrained language models (PLMs) like BERT provide strong semantic representations but are costly and opaque, while symbolic models such as the Tsetlin Machine (TM) offer transparency but lack semantic generalization. We propose a semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiechao Gao , Rohan Kumar Yadav , Yuangang Li , Yuandong Pan , Jie Wang , Ying Liu , Michael Lepech

We present an all-digital programmable machine learning accelerator chip for image classification, underpinning on the Tsetlin machine (TM) principles. The TM is an emerging machine learning algorithm founded on propositional logic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Svein Anders Tunheim , Yujin Zheng , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

In this paper, we introduce a sparse Tsetlin Machine (TM) with absorbing Tsetlin Automata (TA) states. In brief, the TA of each clause literal has both an absorbing Exclude- and an absorbing Include state, making the learning scheme…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao , Per-Arne Andersen , Svein Anders Tunheim , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev

Recently, various encoder-only and encoder-decoder pre-trained models like BERT and T5 have been applied to automatic essay scoring (AES) as small language models. However, existing studies have primarily treated this task akin to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Ali Ghiasvand Mohammadkhani