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Transformer is a powerful model for text understanding. However, it is inefficient due to its quadratic complexity to input sequence length. Although there are many methods on Transformer acceleration, they are still either inefficient on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance and tremendous potential across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models has been challenging due to the astronomical amount of model parameters, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Haihao Shen , Hanwen Chang , Bo Dong , Yu Luo , Hengyu Meng

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various artificial intelligence (AI) applications, from natural language processing to code generation. However, the computational demands of these models, particularly in…

Large Transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in neural machine translation and have become standard in the field. In this work, we look for the optimal combination of known techniques to optimize inference speed without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Yi-Te Hsu , Sarthak Garg , Yi-Hsiu Liao , Ilya Chatsviorkin

Transformer-based language models (TLMs) have widely been recognized to be a cutting-edge technology for the successful development of deep-learning-based solutions to problems and applications that require natural language processing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Candida M. Greco , Andrea Tagarelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT and LLaMA are revolutionizing the AI industry with their sophisticated capabilities. Training these models requires vast GPU clusters and significant computing time, posing major challenges in terms of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jiangfei Duan , Shuo Zhang , Zerui Wang , Lijuan Jiang , Wenwen Qu , Qinghao Hu , Guoteng Wang , Qizhen Weng , Hang Yan , Xingcheng Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Dahua Lin , Yonggang Wen , Xin Jin , Tianwei Zhang , Peng Sun

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a rapidly developing advanced technology, enabling the performance of complex tasks involving image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous decision-making with high levels of accuracy.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Soumita Chatterjee , Sudip Ghosh , Tamal Ghosh , Hafizur Rahaman

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming knowledge work by improving the quality and efficiency of tasks such as writing, coding, and data analysis. However, their growing use in education has exposed a learning-performance…

Federated learning has been predominantly concerned with collaborative training of deep networks from scratch, and especially the many challenges that arise, such as communication cost, robustness to heterogeneous data, and support for…

Despite the impressive performance of LLMs, their widespread adoption faces challenges due to substantial computational and memory requirements during inference. Recent advancements in model compression and system-level optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Arnav Chavan , Raghav Magazine , Shubham Kushwaha , Mérouane Debbah , Deepak Gupta

Large language models (LLMs), based on transformer architectures, have revolutionized numerous domains within artificial intelligence, science, and engineering due to their exceptional scalability and adaptability. However, the exponential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Wenzhe Guo , Joyjit Kundu , Uras Tos , Weijiang Kong , Giuliano Sisto , Timon Evenblij , Manu Perumkunnil

Transformers are central to advances in artificial intelligence (AI), excelling in fields ranging from computer vision to natural language processing. Despite their success, their large parameter count and computational demands challenge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Qunyou Liu , Marina Zapater , David Atienza

In the rapidly evolving AI era with large language models (LLMs) at the core, making LLMs more trustworthy and efficient, especially in output generation (inference), has gained significant attention. This is to reduce plausible but faulty…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kyoungmin Kim , Anastasia Ailamaki

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) are revolutionizing the generation of human-like text, producing contextually relevant and syntactically correct content. Despite challenges like biases and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Alper Yaman , Jannik Schwab , Christof Nitsche , Abhirup Sinha , Marco Huber

This work builds together two popular blocks of neural architecture, namely convolutional layers and Transformers, for large language models (LLMs). Non-causal conformers are used ubiquitously in automatic speech recognition. This work aims…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Prateek Verma

The AI datacenters are currently being deployed on a large scale to support the training and deployment of power-intensive large-language models (LLMs). Extensive amount of computation and cooling required in datacenters increase concerns…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Nardos Belay Abera , Yize Chen

In this paper, we provide a deep dive into the deployment of inference accelerators at Facebook. Many of our ML workloads have unique characteristics, such as sparse memory accesses, large model sizes, as well as high compute, memory and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Michael Anderson , Benny Chen , Stephen Chen , Summer Deng , Jordan Fix , Michael Gschwind , Aravind Kalaiah , Changkyu Kim , Jaewon Lee , Jason Liang , Haixin Liu , Yinghai Lu , Jack Montgomery , Arun Moorthy , Satish Nadathur , Sam Naghshineh , Avinash Nayak , Jongsoo Park , Chris Petersen , Martin Schatz , Narayanan Sundaram , Bangsheng Tang , Peter Tang , Amy Yang , Jiecao Yu , Hector Yuen , Ying Zhang , Aravind Anbudurai , Vandana Balan , Harsha Bojja , Joe Boyd , Matthew Breitbach , Claudio Caldato , Anna Calvo , Garret Catron , Sneh Chandwani , Panos Christeas , Brad Cottel , Brian Coutinho , Arun Dalli , Abhishek Dhanotia , Oniel Duncan , Roman Dzhabarov , Simon Elmir , Chunli Fu , Wenyin Fu , Michael Fulthorp , Adi Gangidi , Nick Gibson , Sean Gordon , Beatriz Padilla Hernandez , Daniel Ho , Yu-Cheng Huang , Olof Johansson , Shishir Juluri , Shobhit Kanaujia , Manali Kesarkar , Jonathan Killinger , Ben Kim , Rohan Kulkarni , Meghan Lele , Huayu Li , Huamin Li , Yueming Li , Cynthia Liu , Jerry Liu , Bert Maher , Chandra Mallipedi , Seema Mangla , Kiran Kumar Matam , Jubin Mehta , Shobhit Mehta , Christopher Mitchell , Bharath Muthiah , Nitin Nagarkatte , Ashwin Narasimha , Bernard Nguyen , Thiara Ortiz , Soumya Padmanabha , Deng Pan , Ashwin Poojary , Ye , Qi , Olivier Raginel , Dwarak Rajagopal , Tristan Rice , Craig Ross , Nadav Rotem , Scott Russ , Kushal Shah , Baohua Shan , Hao Shen , Pavan Shetty , Krish Skandakumaran , Kutta Srinivasan , Roshan Sumbaly , Michael Tauberg , Mor Tzur , Sidharth Verma , Hao Wang , Man Wang , Ben Wei , Alex Xia , Chenyu Xu , Martin Yang , Kai Zhang , Ruoxi Zhang , Ming Zhao , Whitney Zhao , Rui Zhu , Ajit Mathews , Lin Qiao , Misha Smelyanskiy , Bill Jia , Vijay Rao

Memory is fundamental to intelligence, enabling learning, reasoning, and adaptability across biological and artificial systems. While Transformer architectures excel at sequence modeling, they face critical limitations in long-range context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Parsa Omidi , Xingshuai Huang , Axel Laborieux , Bahareh Nikpour , Tianyu Shi , Armaghan Eshaghi

Parameter-shared pre-trained language models (PLMs) have emerged as a successful approach in resource-constrained environments, enabling substantial reductions in model storage and memory costs without significant performance compromise.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Weize Chen , Xiaoyue Xu , Xu Han , Yankai Lin , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Jie Zhou

Emerging applications such as AR are driving demands for machine intelligence capable of processing continuous and/or long-context inputs on local devices. However, currently dominant models based on Transformer architecture suffers from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Saptarshi Mitra , Rachid Karami , Haocheng Xu , Sitao Huang , Hyoukjun Kwon