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Identifying computational mechanisms for memorization and retrieval of data is a long-standing problem at the intersection of machine learning and neuroscience. Our main finding is that standard overparameterized deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Mikhail Belkin , Caroline Uhler

The modern Hopfield network, proposed by Krotov and Hopfield, is a mathematical generalization of the Hopfield network, which is a basic model of associative memory that employs higher-order interactions. This study introduces an open…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Takeshi Kimura , Kohtaro Kato

Learning to remember long sequences remains a challenging task for recurrent neural networks. Register memory and attention mechanisms were both proposed to resolve the issue with either high computational cost to retain memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Wei Zhang , Bowen Zhou

Associative memories in the brain receive and store patterns of activity registered by the sensory neurons, and are able to retrieve them when necessary. Due to their importance in human intelligence, computational models of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Yujian Hong , Simon Frieder , Lei Sha , Zhenghua Xu , Rafal Bogacz , Thomas Lukasiewicz

To explore the relation between network structure and function, we studied the computational performance of Hopfield-type attractor neural nets with regular lattice, random, small-world and scale-free topologies. The random net is the most…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 Patrick N. Mcgraw , Michael Menzinger

Dense Associative Memory (DAM) models have been attracting renewed attention since they were shown to be robust to adversarial examples and closely related to cutting edge machine learning paradigms, such as the attention mechanism and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Robin Thériault , Daniele Tantari

The organizational principles behind the connectivity of a complex network are known to influence its behavior. In this work we investigate, using the Hopfield model, the influence of the network architecture on the performance for…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 E. P. Rodrigues , M. S. Barbosa , L. da F. Costa

We present hyper-connections, a simple yet effective method that can serve as an alternative to residual connections. This approach specifically addresses common drawbacks observed in residual connection variants, such as the seesaw effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Defa Zhu , Hongzhi Huang , Zihao Huang , Yutao Zeng , Yunyao Mao , Banggu Wu , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Emerging from the pairwise attention in conventional Transformers, there is a growing interest in sparse attention mechanisms that align more closely with localized, contextual learning in the biological brain. Existing studies such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Yuwei Sun , Hideya Ochiai , Zhirong Wu , Stephen Lin , Ryota Kanai

Associative memory, traditionally modeled by Hopfield networks, enables the retrieval of previously stored patterns from partial or noisy cues. Yet, the local computational principles which are required to enable this function remain…

The primate heteromodal cortex presents an evident functional modularity at a mesoscopic level, with physiological and anatomical evidence pointing to it as likely substrate of long-term memory. In order to investigate some of its…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-09 Carlo Fulvi Mari

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) have emerged as a novel framework for enabling interpretable machine learning algorithms equipped with the ability to reason and explain their decision processes. The basic idea is to represent discrete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Calvin Yeung , Prathyush Poduval , Mohsen Imani

Content-addressable memories such as Modern Hopfield Networks (MHN) have been studied as mathematical models of auto-association and storage/retrieval in the human declarative memory, yet their practical use for large-scale content storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Satyananda Kashyap , Niharika S. D'Souza , Luyao Shi , Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

Being hit by a ball is usually not a pleasant experience. While a ball may not be fatal, other objects can be. To protect themselves, many organisms, from humans to insects, have developed neuronal mechanisms to signal approaching objects…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-17 Matthias S. Keil

Despite explosive expansion of artificial intelligence based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), these are employed as "black boxes'', as it is unclear how, during learning, they form memories or develop unwanted features, including…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Adam E. Essex , Natalia B. Janson , Rachel A. Norris , Alexander G. Balanov

We report on both analytical and numerical results concerning stochastic Hopfield--like neural automata exhibiting the following (biologically inspired) features: (1) Neurons and synapses evolve in time as in contact with respective baths…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. J. Torres , J. Marro , P. L. Garrido , J. M. Cortes , F. Ramos , M. A. Munoz

Transformer models typically calculate attention matrices using dot products, which have limitations when capturing nonlinear relationships between embedding vectors. We propose Neural Attention, a technique that replaces dot products with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew DiGiugno , Ausif Mahmood

This article delves into the Hopfield neural network model, drawing inspiration from biological neural systems. The exploration begins with an overview of the model's foundations, incorporating insights from mechanical statistics to deepen…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-29 Matteo Silvestri

We complement our previous work [arxiv: 0707.0565] with the full (non diluted) solution describing the stable states of an attractor network that stores correlated patterns of activity. The new solution provides a good fit of simulations of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-07-23 Emilio Kropff

Deep neural networks have excelled on a wide range of problems, from vision to language and game playing. Neural networks very gradually incorporate information into weights as they process data, requiring very low learning rates. If the…