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Humans and animals learn throughout their lives from limited amounts of sensed data, both with and without supervision. Autonomous, intelligent robots of the future are often expected to do the same. The existing continual learning (CL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Elvin Hajizada , Balachandran Swaminathan , Yulia Sandamirskaya

Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning (efCIL) aims to continuously incorporate the knowledge from new classes while retaining previously learned information, without storing any old-class exemplars (i.e., samples). For this purpose,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Libo Huang , Zhulin An , Yan Zeng , Chuanguang Yang , Xinqiang Yu , Yongjun Xu

Continual learning (CL) aims to train models that can learn a sequence of tasks without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. A core challenge in CL is balancing stability -- preserving performance on old tasks -- and plasticity --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zhenrong Liu , Janne M. J. Huttunen , Mikko Honkala

Foundational Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel across diverse tasks, but adapting them to new domains without forgetting prior knowledge remains a critical challenge. Continual Learning (CL) addresses this challenge by enabling models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vaibhav Singh , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

In continual learning (CL), catastrophic forgetting often arises due to feature drift. This challenge is particularly prominent in the exemplar-free continual learning (EFCL) setting, where samples from previous tasks cannot be retained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuan Liu , Xiaobin Chang

Continual Learning (CL, sometimes also termed incremental learning) is a flavor of machine learning where the usual assumption of stationary data distribution is relaxed or omitted. When naively applying, e.g., DNNs in CL problems, changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Benedikt Bagus , Alexander Gepperth , Timothée Lesort

When deep learning models are sequentially trained on new data, they tend to abruptly lose performance on previously learned tasks, a critical failure known as catastrophic forgetting. This challenge severely limits the deployment of AI in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Paraskevi-Antonia Theofilou , Anuhya Thota , Stefanos Kollias , Mamatha Thota

Recently, self-supervised representation learning gives further development in multimedia technology. Most existing self-supervised learning methods are applicable to packaged data. However, when it comes to streamed data, they are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Zhiwei Lin , Yongtao Wang , Hongxiang Lin

Incremental learning often encounter challenges such as overfitting to new data and catastrophic forgetting of old data. Existing methods can effectively extend the model for new tasks while freezing the parameters of the old model, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Chuangxin Zhang , Guangfeng Lin , Enhui Zhao , Kaiyang Liao , Yajun Chen

A fundamental requirement for intelligent systems is the ability to learn continuously under changing environments. However, models trained in this regime often suffer from catastrophic forgetting. Leveraging pre-trained models has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tung Tran , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas , Khoat Than

This paper presents Prototypical Contrastive Learning (PCL), an unsupervised representation learning method that addresses the fundamental limitations of instance-wise contrastive learning. PCL not only learns low-level features for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Junnan Li , Pan Zhou , Caiming Xiong , Steven C. H. Hoi

Foundation Models (FMs) have become the hallmark of modern AI, however, these models are trained on massive data, leading to financially expensive training. Updating FMs as new data becomes available is important, however, can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 James Seale Smith , Lazar Valkov , Shaunak Halbe , Vyshnavi Gutta , Rogerio Feris , Zsolt Kira , Leonid Karlinsky

Class-incremental learning (CIL) has achieved remarkable successes in learning new classes consecutively while overcoming catastrophic forgetting on old categories. However, most existing CIL methods unreasonably assume that all old…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Jiahua Dong , Wenqi Liang , Yang Cong , Gan Sun

In Continual learning (CL) balancing effective adaptation while combating catastrophic forgetting is a central challenge. Many of the recent best-performing methods utilize various forms of prior task data, e.g. a replay buffer, to tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Nader Asadi , MohammadReza Davari , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Continual Learning (CL) enables machine learning models to learn from continuously shifting new training data in absence of data from old tasks. Recently, pretrained vision transformers combined with prompt tuning have shown promise for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Anurag Roy , Riddhiman Moulick , Vinay K. Verma , Saptarshi Ghosh , Abir Das

Place recognition is an essential and challenging task in loop closing and global localization for robotics and autonomous driving applications. Benefiting from the recent advances in deep learning techniques, the performance of LiDAR place…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Jiafeng Cui , Xieyuanli Chen

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) is challenging due to catastrophic forgetting. On top of that, Exemplar-free Class Incremental Learning is even more challenging due to forbidden access to previous task data. Recent exemplar-free CIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zichong Meng , Jie Zhang , Changdi Yang , Zheng Zhan , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

In the context of continual learning, prototypes-as representative class embeddings-offer advantages in memory conservation and the mitigation of catastrophic forgetting. However, challenges related to semantic drift and prototype…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Zhuowei Li , Long Zhao , Zizhao Zhang , Han Zhang , Di Liu , Ting Liu , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Domain incremental learning (DIL) poses a significant challenge in real-world scenarios, as models need to be sequentially trained on diverse domains over time, all the while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. Mitigating representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Kishaan Jeeveswaran , Elahe Arani , Bahram Zonooz

We address the Continual Learning (CL) problem, wherein a model must learn a sequence of tasks from non-stationary distributions while preserving prior knowledge upon encountering new experiences. With the advancement of foundation models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Kyra Ahrens , Hans Hergen Lehmann , Jae Hee Lee , Stefan Wermter