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Recent studies on reasoning models explore the meta-awareness of language models, the ability to know how to think by itself. We argue that large reasoning models lack this meta-awareness property by proving severe misalignment between true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yoonjeon Kim , Doohyuk Jang , Eunho Yang

Self-improving large language models (LLMs) -- i.e., to improve the performance of an LLM by fine-tuning it with synthetic data generated by itself -- is a promising way to advance the capabilities of LLMs while avoiding extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yutao Sun , Mingshuai Chen , Tiancheng Zhao , Ruochen Xu , Zilun Zhang , Jianwei Yin

Comparative reasoning is a process of comparing objects, concepts, or entities to draw conclusions, which constitutes a fundamental cognitive ability. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to pre-train language models for enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Mengxia Yu , Zhihan Zhang , Wenhao Yu , Meng Jiang

This study investigates the effectiveness of reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning techniques on a compact language model (Qwen2.5-0.5B Base) for two challenging tasks: instruction following and mathematical reasoning. We compare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yifu Han , Geo Zhang

Leveraging offline data is a promising way to improve the sample efficiency of online reinforcement learning (RL). This paper expands the pool of usable data for offline-to-online RL by leveraging abundant non-curated data that is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi Zhao , Aidan Scannell , Wenshuai Zhao , Yuxin Hou , Tianyu Cui , Le Chen , Dieter Büchler , Arno Solin , Juho Kannala , Joni Pajarinen

In this work, we investigate how explicitly modeling problem's difficulty prior information shapes the effectiveness of reinforcement learning based fine-tuning for multimodal reasoning. Our exploration mainly comprises of following three…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mingrui Chen , Haogeng Liu , Hao Liang , Huaibo Huang , Wentao Zhang , Ran He

While recent advances in large reasoning models have demonstrated remarkable performance, efficient reasoning remains critical due to the rapid growth of output length. Existing optimization approaches highlights a tendency toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Zhanwei Zhang , Junjie Liu , Xiaosong Yuan , Jieping ye

Multi-task learning and self-training are two common ways to improve a machine learning model's performance in settings with limited training data. Drawing heavily on ideas from those two approaches, we suggest transductive auxiliary task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Johannes Bjerva , Katharina Kann , Isabelle Augenstein

Human preference alignment can greatly enhance Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), but collecting high-quality preference data is costly. A promising solution is the self-evolution strategy, where models are iteratively trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Wentao Tan , Qiong Cao , Yibing Zhan , Chao Xue , Changxing Ding

Reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled machine learning models to achieve significant advances in many fields. Most recently, RL has empowered frontier language models to solve challenging math, science, and coding problems. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Mihir Prabhudesai , Lili Chen , Alex Ippoliti , Katerina Fragkiadaki , Hao Liu , Deepak Pathak

Large Language Models have achieved remarkable performance on reasoning tasks, motivating research into how this ability evolves during training. Prior work has primarily analyzed this evolution via explicit generation outcomes, treating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Siyuan Zhang , Jialian Li , Yichi Zhang , Xiao Yang , Yinpeng Dong , Hang Su

Large reasoning models exhibit long chain-of-thought reasoning with complex strategies such as backtracking and self-verification. Yet, these capabilities typically require resource-intensive post-training. We investigate whether such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yunxiang Zhang , Muhammad Khalifa , Lechen Zhang , Xin Liu , Ayoung Lee , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Farima Fatahi Bayat , Lu Wang

Existing approaches for aligning large language models with human preferences face a trade-off that requires a separate reward model (RM) for on-policy learning. In this paper, we present a novel alignment framework, SELF-JUDGE that (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Sangkyu Lee , Sungdong Kim , Ashkan Yousefpour , Minjoon Seo , Kang Min Yoo , Youngjae Yu

Uncertainty estimation is critical for deploying reasoning language models, yet remains poorly understood under extended chain-of-thought reasoning. We study parallel sampling as a fully black-box approach using verbalized confidence and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Maksym Del , Markus Kängsepp , Marharyta Domnich , Ardi Tampuu , Lisa Yankovskaya , Meelis Kull , Mark Fishel

Recent success of pre-trained language models (LMs) has spurred widespread interest in the language capabilities that they possess. However, efforts to understand whether LM representations are useful for symbolic reasoning tasks have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Alon Talmor , Yanai Elazar , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across a wide range of language tasks. However, their reasoning process is primarily guided by statistical patterns in training data, which limits their ability to handle novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Hong Su

Test-time scaling has proven effective in further enhancing the performance of pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs). However, mainstream post-training methods (i.e., reinforcement learning (RL) with chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yuyang Xu , Yi Cheng , Haochao Ying , Zhuoyun Du , Renjun Hu , Xing Shi , Wei Lin , Jian Wu

Generating step-by-step "chain-of-thought" rationales improves language model performance on complex reasoning tasks like mathematics or commonsense question-answering. However, inducing language model rationale generation currently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Eric Zelikman , Yuhuai Wu , Jesse Mu , Noah D. Goodman

Reward models (RMs) play a critical role in aligning language models through the process of reinforcement learning from human feedback. RMs are trained to predict a score reflecting human preference, which requires significant time and cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zihuiwen Ye , Fraser Greenlee-Scott , Max Bartolo , Phil Blunsom , Jon Ander Campos , Matthias Gallé

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities across various tasks. However, even minor variations in query phrasing, despite preserving the underlying semantic meaning, can significantly affect their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yihang Yao , Zhepeng Cen , Miao Li , William Han , Yuyou Zhang , Emerson Liu , Zuxin Liu , Chuang Gan , Ding Zhao
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